“取值→变序→变态→还原”

徐军

【摘要】语态是英语语法的基础，如何做好主动语态和被动语态之间的互换，怎样在语篇之中准确辨认其形式和意义，对于提高学生的语篇理解能力，具有非常重要的作用，而“特殊值”思想可以帮助我们解决语态互换中的难点问题。

【关键词】语态互换 “特殊值”思想 取值 变序 变态 还原

语态是英语语法的基础，它表示的是主语和谓语之间的关系。它是语法学习的重点和难点，也是这几年职教高考的热点。在语篇运用中，运用不同的语态表现形式能使语言表达更加的委婉和生动。作为一种重要的命题思路，语态转换因它的多变性和隐蔽性而为命题人所青睐。主动语态和被动语态之间的一般性转换只需能够明确句子的各个成分便可轻松完成，但是，以特殊疑问句形式出现的语态转换，却为学生头疼，往往力不从心。如何做好这种互换，如何在语篇之中准确辨认其形式和意义，对于提高学生的语篇理解能力，具有非常重要的现实意义。

在教学中，我利用数学解题中所运用的“特殊值法”的解题思路（即通过题设中某个未知量为特殊值，从而通过简单的运算得出最终答案的一种方法。），探求出了“取值→变序→变态→还原”的训练方法，将学生不熟悉的特殊疑问句转换为陈述句，降低了难度，很受学生欢迎，取得了预期的教学效果。

一、将主动语态的特殊疑问句变为被动语态

例1：What are they going to put up on the gate？

取值：拟用some pictures 取代What

变序：（将一个特殊疑问词用一个名次短语替代，需将疑问语序变为陈述句语序）

They are going to put up some pictures on the gate.

变态：（将常见的陈述句变为被动语态）

Some pictures are going to be put up on the gate.

还原：（将原来所取的“特殊值”还原为原来的特殊疑问词，变为特殊疑问句的被动语态。）

What are going to be put up on the gate？ （此句即为要求变成的被动句）

例2：What will they do to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly？

取值：拟用plant trees 取代What

变序：They will plant trees to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly.

变态：Trees will be planted to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly.

还原：What will be done to stop the rain from hitting the earth directly？

二、将被动语态的特殊疑问句变为主动语态

例1：How often is the class meeting held？

取值：拟用once a week 取代How often

变序：The class meeting is held once a week.

变态：They hold the class meeting once a week.

还原：How often do they hold the class meeting？

例2：Where was a new school for the disabled built last year？

取值：拟用in my hometown 取代Where

变序：A new school for the disabled was built in my hometown last year.

变态：They built a new school for the disabled in my hometown last year.

还原：Where did they build a new school for the disabled last year？

三、两点需要注意的方面

1.当疑问代词做主语时，改为被动语态时要用“by+特殊疑问句” 结构。

例：Who has made the plan to turn the city into a great one？

取值：拟用the old man 取代Who

变序：The old man has made the plan to turn the city into a great one.

变态：The plan has been made to turn the city into a great one by the old man.

还原：By whom has the plan been made to turn the city into a great one ？

或者 Who has the plan been made to turn the city into a great one by？

2.当疑问代词做宾语时，改为被动语态时要用疑问代词做主语。

例：What have you done to improve the quality？

What has been done by you to improve the quality？

四、小试牛刀

1.What did she do on the playground yesterday afternoon？

（What was done by her on the playground yesterday afternoon？）

2.Why has he put off the sports meeting？

（Why has the sports meeting been put off？）

3.When was the football team set up？

（When did they set up the football team？）

4.When will the new programme be started？

（ When shall we start the new programme？）

新课程要求在培养学生运用意识的同时，还要学会科学的思考问题，这种“特殊值”思想的正向迁移，开阔了学生的视野，增加了学习的趣味，帮助学生把握了问题的实质特征，也帮助学生快速地找到了问题解决的途径。