伊马替尼对兔颈动脉内膜增生的作用及机制研究

2015-08-22 08:47路雅茹于珍杨万松崔丽李广平
天津医药 2015年2期
关键词:中膜伊马替尼球囊

路雅茹,于珍,杨万松,崔丽,李广平△

伊马替尼对兔颈动脉内膜增生的作用及机制研究

路雅茹1,于珍2,杨万松3,崔丽3,李广平3△

目的探讨伊马替尼对动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜的作用及机制。方法长耳白兔30只,按随机数字表法分为A、B、C组,分别于右侧颈动脉球囊拉伤后给予0、25、50 mg/kg伊马替尼灌胃1次/d,连续用药14 d处死。取双侧颈动脉行HE及免疫组化染色A组左侧颈动脉为对照组;逆转录PCR检测血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)-B及受体PDGFR-β mRNA水平。ELISA法检测PDGF-BB血浆水平。结果 (1)术后新生内膜厚度、面积、内/中膜厚度及面积比值较对照组均增加(P<0.05)。(2)术侧组织PDGF-B mRNA水平A组高于B组及C组(2.961±0.686、1.957±0.545、1.879±0.636,F=8.353,P<0.01);PDGFR-β mRNA水平仅C组高于A组(1.236±0.356 vs 0.708±0.372,P<0.01)。(3)各组术后血浆PDGF-BB水平均高于术前(P<0.01),且A组>B组>C组(ng/L:23.464±3.542、19.504± 2.454、16.588±1.207,F=17.322,P<0.05)。(4)血浆PDGF-BB水平与PDGF-B mRNA水平正相关(r=0.806,P<0.01)。结论伊马替尼通过抑制PDGF-B mRNA表达而抑制动脉内膜损伤后新生内膜过度增生。

颈动脉损伤;血管内膜;甲磺酸盐类;血小板源性生长因子;受体,血小板源生长因子β;伊马替尼

支架内再狭窄是影响经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)远期疗效的主要问题,即使应用药物涂层支架仍存在5%左右的再狭窄率[1]。有大量研究发现血管内皮受损后中膜平滑肌细胞向内膜迁移进入损伤部位并过度增生是再狭窄的主要病理机制[2-3]。血小板衍生生长因子(platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)-B的生物活性形式PDGF-BB通过激活其受体PDGFR(platelet-derived growth factor receptor)-β的酪氨酸激酶,参与平滑肌细胞的增殖与迁移[4]。PDGFR-β抑制剂甲磺酸伊马替尼(Imatinib mesi⁃late)有可能通过抑制PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β途径起到抑制PCI术后再狭窄的作用[5]。本研究拟通过兔颈动脉球囊损伤模型,探讨伊马替尼对新生内膜的作用及相关机制,为防治PCI术后再狭窄寻找新的干预靶点。

1 材料与方法

1.1动物模型建立大耳白兔(军事医学科学院实验动物中心,普通级)30只,3~4月龄,体质量(2.0±0.2)kg,颗粒饲料常规喂养1周适应环境。按随机数字表法分为单纯球囊损伤组(A组)、小剂量伊马替尼组(B组)和大剂量伊马替尼组(C组),每组10只,雌雄各半。耳缘静脉注射3%戊巴比妥钠30 mg/kg麻醉;分离右侧颈动脉;钳夹颈内动脉,颈总动脉近心端线拉阻断血流,穿刺颈外动脉插入冠脉球囊导管;术前行颈动脉超声测量颈动脉直径,根据血管直径选择1.5 mm×15 mm至2.5 mm×15 mm球囊,0.6~1.2 MPa膨胀球囊至可以推拉球囊但有一定阻力即可,自颈内外动脉分叉处至颈总动脉起始部反复推拉球囊5次以造成颈总动脉内膜损伤。造模成功A组9只、B组8只、C组10只。术后A组生理盐水5 mL灌胃1次/d,B组伊马替尼(诺华制药有限公司)25 μg/kg灌胃1次/d,C组伊马替尼50 μg/kg灌胃1次/d,连续给药14 d后处死。

1.2HE染色及免疫组化染色取术侧及对侧颈总动脉各1.0 cm浸入10%中性福尔马林液中固定,常规制作病理切片,行HE染色。SEM-IPS图像分析系统(日本SONY公司)测量动脉内膜厚度(intima thickness,IT)、中膜厚度(media thickeness,MT),计算内/中膜厚度比(IT/MT)。测量管腔面积、内弹力板围绕面积和外弹力板围绕面积;计算内膜面积(intima area,IA)=内弹力板围绕面积-管腔面积,中膜面积(media area,MA)=外弹力板围绕面积-内弹力板围绕面积,计算内/中膜面积比(IA/MA)。以A组左侧颈总动脉为对照组。免疫组化染色:脱蜡切片与3%过氧化氢37℃孵育10 min。热修复抗原。滴加5%牛血清白蛋白封闭液,室温2 min。滴加适当比例稀释的一抗(小鼠抗兔α-SMA单克隆抗体,武汉博士德),37℃过夜。PBS液洗2 min×3次。滴加生物素化山羊抗小鼠IgG,37℃20 min,PBS洗5 min×4次。DAB显色(ZLI-9017,中杉金桥)。苏木素轻度复染,脱水、透明、封片。

1.3PDGF-B、PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平测定 (1)总RNA提取:利用Trizol(Invirtrogen公司)提取颈总动脉组织匀浆中总RNA;紫外分光光度计测定光密度(OD)260/OD280,当值为1.8~2.0时RNA纯度较高,计算RNA浓度(g/L)=OD260×稀释倍数×40/1 000。(2)逆转录:利用 SuperScript™Ⅲ Reverse Transcriptase试剂盒(Invirtrogen公司)完成。总RNA 5 μg加入50 μmol/L oligio(dt)1 μL、10 mmol/L dNTP 1 μL、DEPC水3 μL,组成10 μL Mix1,65℃水浴5 min;然后加入10×RT buffer 2 μL、25 mmol/L Mg2+4 μL、0.1 mol/L二硫苏糖醇(DTT)2 μL、RNaseout(40 U/μL)1 μL、SuperScripⅢRT(200 U/μL)1 μL,组成20 μL Mix2;在PCR仪中,按照50℃50 min、85℃5 min顺序进行逆转录,Mix2中加入1 μL核糖核酸酶H(Rnase H),37℃20 min,得到cDNA。(3)探针法实时定量PCR(Taqman-RQ-PCR):在GenBank中查到兔组织PDGF-B、PDGFR-β及GAPDH的mRNA序列,应用Primer Premier 5.0设计引物,并由上海生工生物技术有限公司合成,见表1。PCR反应体系50 μL:cDNA模板5 μL、上游引物(10 μmol/L)3 μL、下游引物(10 μmol/L)3 μL、Taqman探针(10 μmol/L)1.25 μL、Universal PCR Mix 25 μL(美国ABI公司)、灭菌蒸馏水12.75 μL。在实时定量PCR仪(美国ABI公司7500)中进行PCR扩增,95℃10 s、60℃30 s、70℃45 s,40个循环。

Tab.1 Primer sequences of PDGF-B,PDGFR-β and GAPDH表1 PDGF-B、PDGFR-β及GAPDH引物序列

1.4血浆PDGF-BB水平测定术前及处死前(术后)经左侧颈静脉取血2 mL,EDTA抗凝,3 000 r/min、15 min,离心分离血浆。ELISA法(武汉基因美)测定血浆PDGF-BB水平。

1.5统计学方法以SPSS 11.5处理全部数据。计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示。术前术后均数比较采用配对t检验;多组间均数比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),样本均数间的多重比较采用LSD-t检验;血浆PDGF-BB水平与PDGF-B、PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平的相关性采用Pearson相关。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1HE染色及免疫组化染色结果对照组动脉内膜光滑,无增厚,内弹力板完整。3组右侧颈动脉球囊拉伤术后内膜显著增生。A组内膜增生最明显,厚度超过中膜,细胞排列紊乱;C组新生内膜厚度显著低于A组、B组,仅见极轻度内膜增生。3组外膜均增厚,呈A组>B组>C组>对照组的趋势,A组外膜增生最明显、有大量纤维组织增生,C组外膜增厚最轻,见图1。免疫组化染色所示α-SMA表达定位于细胞浆,阳性为棕黄色。3组新生血管内膜及各组血管中膜均呈棕黄色α-SMA阳性表现,见图2。

2.2血管内、中膜厚度及面积比较与对照组比较,3组右侧颈动脉球囊拉伤术后IT、MT、IT/MT、IA、MA、IA/MA均显著增加(P<0.05)。IT、IT/MT、IA、IA/MA之间A组>B组>C组(P<0.05),A组的MA大于B组及C组(P<0.05),B组与C组之间差异无统计学意义;MT在A、B、C组之间差异无统计学意义,见表2。

Tab.2 Comparison of intima and media thickness as well as intima and media area表2 各组内膜、中膜厚度及面积比的比较 (±s)

Tab.2 Comparison of intima and media thickness as well as intima and media area表2 各组内膜、中膜厚度及面积比的比较 (±s)

**P<0.01;a与对照组比较,b与A组比较,c与B组比较,P<0.05

组别对照组A组B组C组F n9 9 8 1 0 IT(μm)2.46±0.35 120.33±19.46a84.33±10.98ab14.79±4.40abc227.122**MT(μm)50.29±3.29 78.52±12.02a77.18±6.59a75.17±11.39a18.960**IT/MT(%)4.9±0.6 153.8±17.4a109.7±14.8ab19.8±5.9abc346.898**组别对照组A组B组C组F n9 9 8 1 0 IA(μm2)5 635±894 386 341±104 251a187 573±69 749ab64 128±11 244abc67.531**MA(μm2)154 812±8 298 310 860±59 696a279 345±68 344ab267 390±52 193ab15.396**IA/MA(%)3.640±0.499 123.240±19.761a68.510±24.081ab24.420±4.016abc111.191**

2.3PDGF-B、PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平术侧PDGF-B mRNA表达水平比较,A组高于自身对侧(P<0.01),B组、C组与自身对侧比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组之间比较,A组高于B组及C组(P<0.05),B、C组之间比较差异无统计学意义。术侧PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平C组高于A组(P<0.05),A组、B组分别与自身对侧比较差异无统计学意义,C组显著高于自身对侧(P<0.01),见表3。

2.4血浆PDGF-BB水平血浆PDGF-BB水平每组术后均显著高于术前(P<0.01);术前A、B、C组间差异无统计学意义,术后3组间PDGF-BB水平A组>B组>C组(P<0.01),见表4。

2.5术后血浆PDGF-BB水平与PDGF-B、PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平的相关性术后A、B、C组血浆PDGF-BB水平与PDGF-B mRNA表达水平均呈正相关(r分别为0.701、0.845和0.786,均P<0.05)。全部实验兔(n=27)血浆PDGF-BB水平与PDGF-B mRNA表达水平呈正相关(r=0.806,P<0.01)。术后血浆PDGF-BB水平与A、B、C组及全部实验动物间PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平均无相关性(r分别为0.028、-0.115、0.276和-0.379,均P>0.05)。

Tab.3 Comparisons of mRNA levels of PDGF-B and PDGFR-β表3 3组术后PDGF-B、PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平比较 (±s)

Tab.3 Comparisons of mRNA levels of PDGF-B and PDGFR-β表3 3组术后PDGF-B、PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平比较 (±s)

*P<0.05,**P<0.01,a与A组比较,P<0.05

组别A组B组C组F n 9 8 1 0 PDGF-B术侧2.961±0.686 1.957±0.545a1.879±0.636a8.353**对侧1.502±0.342 1.429±0.349 1.468±0.257 0.181 t 5.567**2.272 1.823组别A组B组C组F n 9 8 1 0 PDGFR-β术侧0.708±0.372 0.948±0.464 1.236±0.356a4.248*对侧0.451±0.411 0.660±0.471 0.538±0.476 0.451 t 1.172 1.539 4.015**

Tab.4 Comparisons of PDGF-BB plasma level表4 3组血浆PDGF-BB水平比较 (ng/L,±s)

Tab.4 Comparisons of PDGF-BB plasma level表4 3组血浆PDGF-BB水平比较 (ng/L,±s)

**P<0.01,a与A组比较,b与B组比较,P<0.05

组别A组B组C组F n9 8 1 0术前15.066±1.700 14.623±1.276 14.415±0.980 0.574术后23.464±3.542 19.504±2.454a16.588±1.207ab17.322**t 7.549**6.608**9.530**

3 讨论

PDGF-B是24 ku的阳离子糖蛋白,由成纤维细胞、平滑肌细胞等细胞合成与释放,PDGF-BB是其生物活性形式,具有化学趋化、促细胞分裂和促血管收缩作用[6-7]。PDGF-B主要与受体PDGFR-β结合,使PDGFR-β发生二聚化和自身酪氨酸残基磷酸化,激活下游信号通路的级联反应,促进平滑肌细胞增生、迁移,参与重要生理过程[8-9]。Nakagawa等[10]对支架术后患者尸检发现,在支架处新生内膜高度分化的平滑肌细胞中可检测出PDGF-B及PDGFR-β,提示PDGF-B及PDGFR-β与PCI术后血管内膜修复密切相关。

伊马替尼可抑制PDGFR,从而抑制PDGF介导的平滑肌细胞迁移、增生,起到抑制心肌纤维化、抑制肺动脉高压的作用[11-12]。伊马替尼是否可以抑制支架内再狭窄,尚不明确。Makiyama等[5]发现,球囊损伤大鼠颈动脉后平滑肌细胞过度增生,7 d达高峰,14 d平滑肌细胞增殖停止,达到有效药物干预时长。因此,本研究也给予动物模型用药14 d。本研究HE染色显示单纯球囊损伤动脉内膜2周后,损伤的血管内膜均显著增生,细胞排列紊乱,而未损伤的对照组血管内膜光滑无增生,内弹力板完整。免疫组化染色显示新生内膜呈抗α-SMA阳性反应,提示新生血管内膜由平滑肌细胞过度增生而成。给予不同剂量伊马替尼后,B组及C组平滑肌细胞增殖显著受到抑制,IT、IA、IT/MT、IA/MA均下降,且与伊马替尼呈剂量依赖性关系。

每组术侧颈动脉PDGF-B mRNA表达水平均高于自身对侧颈动脉,但仅A组差异有统计学意义,3组术侧PDGF-B mRNA表达水平呈伊马替尼剂量依赖性下降趋势,提示伊马替尼有效抑制损伤血管组织PDGF-B mRNA表达。术后C组术侧血管组织PDG⁃FR-β mRNA表达高于自身对侧颈动脉,术侧3组间PDGFR-β mRNA表达水平随伊马替尼剂量增加呈升高趋势,但仅C组与A组间差异有统计学意义。

伊马替尼可以抑制组织局部PDGF-B蛋白水平、降低血浆PDGF-BB水平[12-13]。本研究表明单纯球囊损伤颈动脉后血浆PDGF-BB水平显著升高,给予不同剂量的伊马替尼,B组及C组血浆PDGFBB水平显著低于A组,提示伊马替尼可以抑制动脉内膜损伤后血浆PDGF-BB水平升高。但无论B组还是C组术后PDGF-BB水平仍高于术前水平,如果进一步增加剂量是否可以完全抑制PDGF-BB水平升高及动脉内膜的过度增生,尚需进一步实验研究证实。血浆PDGF-BB水平与损伤段血管组织PDGF-B mRNA表达水平正相关,提示血浆PDGFBB水平可以间接反映损伤血管组织PDGF-B mRNA表达的程度。这可能是伊马替尼抑制PDGF-B mRNA表达,进而影响血浆蛋白水平的结果。

通过研究笔者发现球囊损伤后新生血管内膜过度增生,伊马替尼通过抑制PDGF-B mRNA表达影响PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β通路,从而抑制新生内膜的过度增生。若将PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β信号通路作为干预靶点,以伊马替尼作为支架药物涂层,是否可以降低PCI术后再狭窄的发生,尚需日后基础及临床研究进一步阐明。

(图1、2见插页)

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(2014-04-15收稿2014-10-06修回)

(本文编辑魏杰)

Effect and mechanism of Imatinib mesilate on intimal hyperplasia of rabbit carotid artery after ballon injury

LU Yaru1,YU Zhen2,YANG Wansong3,CUI Li3,LI Guangping3△
1 Department of Cardiology,Tianjin Chest Hospital,Tianjin 300222,China;2 Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College;3 Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease,Department of Cardiology,Tianjin Institute of Cardiology,Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University
△Corresponding Author E-mail:tjcardiol@126.com

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect and mechanism of Imatinib mesilate(Imatinib)on intimal hyperplasia of rabbit carotid arteries after balloon injury.MethodsThirty adult Newzealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:group A,B and C.Their right carotid arteries were injuried then administered with 0,25 or 50 mg/kg of Imatinib dai⁃ly for 14 consecutive days when the rabbits were sacrificed.The carotid arteries were harvested and sectioned for HE-stain⁃ing and immunohistochemisty staining.Real-Time PCR was used to examine transcription levels of PDGF-B and PDGFR-β mRNA.The plasma level of PDGF-BB was assayed by ELISA.ResultsArterial intimal hyperplasia and stenosis following balloon injury were seen in three groups.Thickness and area of neointima,ratio of thickness of intima to media,ratio of area of intima to media and mRNA level of PDGF-β are all higher in group A than those in group B than those in group C(P<0.01).By contrast,the mRNA transcription level of PDGFR-β increased significantly in group C than that in group A (1.236±0.356 vs 0.708±0.372;t=2.91;P<0.01).Plasma level of PDGF-BB increased in all three groups after balloon injury than that in the baseline(P<0.01).The transcription level of PDGF-BB is higher in group A than that in group B and in group C(ng/L:23.464±3.542,19.504±2.454,16.588±1.207,F=17.322,P<0.05).There was no difference between group B and C.There was positive correlation between mRNA transcription level of PDGF-B and plasma level of PDGF-BB(r= 0.806,P<0.01).ConclusionVascular injury can cause intimal hyperplasia and increased PDGF-B mRNA transcription. Imatinib mesilate could inhibit the intimal hyperplasia through down regulating PDGF-B mRNA transcription.

carotid artery injuries;tunica intima;mesylates;platelet-derived growth factor;receptor,platelet-derived growth factor beta;Imatinib mesilate

R541.4

ADOI:10.11958/j.issn.0253-9896.2015.02.012

天津市卫生局科技基金资助项目(2013KZ079)

1天津市胸科医院心内科(邮编300222);2中国医学科学院血液病医院;3天津市心血管病离子与分子机能重点实验室,天津医科大学第二医院心脏科,天津心脏病学研究所

路雅茹(1972),女,副主任医师,博士,主要从事冠心病发病及支架再狭窄的机制研究

△E-mail:tjcardiol@126.com

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