初中生的久坐行为与身体活动方式

王志庆，常淑芝，孙延林，郭　娟



●成果报告

初中生的久坐行为与身体活动方式

王志庆1，2，常淑芝2，孙延林2，郭娟3

摘要采用修订的包括7天回忆的《自我陈述身体活动检查表》（SAPAC），对197名12~16岁初中生进行调查，考察久坐行为和身体活动的方式特点。调查结果发现，大多数学生每个星期用于做作业的时间超过7 h，所有学生上网、使用计算机或看电视的时间很少，不存在性别差异。有关身体活动的参与方面，71%的学生有一定量的身体活动（每个星期＞300 min的中等强度活动，或＞120 min的剧烈活动），15.7%的学生有中等强度的身体活动（每个星期＞150 min和≤300 min的中等活动，或＞60 min和≤120 min的剧烈活动），只有3.0%的学生有低强度或没有身体活动，且没有发现性别差异。表明，身体活动参与与任何久坐不动行为无关。大多数青少年不参加体育活动和比赛，包括在体育课程中，最常见的身体活动是快走和骑自行车。本研究可以更好地理解青少年的久坐行为和身体活动方式，可以作为研究基线，使教育管理者和教师了解身体活动和不活动的特点，并制定干预措施。

关键词身体活动；久坐行为；青少年；身体活动类型和偏爱

With the world largest population of 1.3 billion，China is now the world’s fastest grow ing economy in remarkable time.It has gone through a massive phase of infrastructure development.At the end of 2013，53.7%of the total population lived in urban areas，a rate that rose from 26%in the 1990s.According to a local newspaper，the official forecast of the level of urbanization rate w ill reach 60%by 2020[1].With the change in lifestyle and increase in w ealth，the rate of overw eight and obesity has also increased.In 2002，there were 14.7%of overweight and 2.6%of obese Chinese；this is equivalent to 184 million overweight peopleand 31 m illion obese people in China.In a recent systematic review by Ng et al.[2]，it was found that China is now world No.2 for obesity，just behind US w ith 300 m illion adults who are overweight and 46 m illion obese adults in China.In addition，the study also reviewed that 23%of Chinese boys who are under 20 years old are overweight or obese，for girls，the figure is reported as 14%.

Childhood obesity is known to link to several health issues，such as cardiovascular disease，hypertension，diabetes，and various types of cancers[3-4].Therefore，there is an urgent need to reverse this trend in China.

Sedentary lifestyle and lack of regular physical activity may be two main contributing factors to the obesity rate in China，with the continuing modernization.To address this issue，understanding the sedentary and physical activity patterns of the Chinese adolescents is a main priority.This study exam ines the prevalence of sedentary and physical activity patterns among adolescents in a modernized junior secondary school in China.

In many countries，physical education（PE）in schools are considered in the best position to provide the health-related needs of children and youth，including providing opportunities for physical activity and skills for sports and games[5-6].In China，there is no exception.PE in China has one of the core goals as“to stimulate students’desire to participate in sporting and recreational activities and to nurture healthy lifestyle habits”[7].A typical school has one period of PE for about 40 to 45 m inutes per week，with a class size of60 to70 students.Itisnotknown if thestudentsaredoingadequate physical activity to gain health benefits in PE and outside of PE lessons.

TheWHO recommendsat least60m inofmoderate-to-vigorous PA per day for children and young adolescents for health enhancing purposes[8].Most of the studies in physical activity and inactivity were from the w estern countries[9-10].There are very few studies related to physical activity and sedentary behavior of Chinese adolescents，one very recent study by Wang，Chen and Zhuang[11]assessed the physical activity and sedentary behavior of Chinese city children using accelerometers.It w as found that only 9.4%of boys and 1.9%of girls met the recommendation of 60 m in/day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.This shows that Chinese city children and youth are not participating in sufficient physical activity.However，it should be noted that the data of this study were collected from 2 163 students from 11 cities，with 2 to 3 schools in each city，that is，only about 20 to 30 students per grade group（Grades 4~6，Grades7~9，and Grades10~11）.Besides，the data were collected over 4 seasons of the year in different cities. The findings of this study may not be a representative sample.No information regarding types of physical activity and sedentary behaviors was published among Chinese adolescents.More studies are needed to understand the prevalence of physical activity and inactivity of Chinese adolescents.

The purpose of the current study was to exam ine sedentary behaviors and physical activity patterns among secondary students in a modernized city in China from one secondary school. The reason for single school data collection is follow-up studies and intervention can be designed specific to the participants. In addition，this study seeks to exam ine the type and duration of physical activity and sedentary behaviors among the Chinese adolescents.As this is an exploratory study，no hypotheses were formulated.

1　Methods

1.1Participants

A samp le of 197 secondary school students aged 12 to 16 years from a school in Tianjin city in China took part in the study. There were 104 boys and 93 girls from Year 7 to Year 8.The school is located at the southern part of Tianjin city，2 km from the city centre.Tianjin is a metropolis in northern China and is the fourth largestcity in China，afterShanghai，Beijing，andGuangzhou. 1.2Procedures

Ethical approval was given by the host University Ethic Review Board.A fter w hich，the school principal w as approached w ith a formal letter requesting consent for the study.A ll participants were told that their involvement in the study was voluntary and they were free to withdraw at any time in the beginning of the survey administration.Theparticipantstook 20minutesto complete the questionnaire that was adm inistered by research assistants in a quiet classroom setting.Participants were told that there were no right or w rong answers and were assured of the confidentiality of their responses.

1.3Measures

Modified self-adm inistered physical activity checklist（SAPAC）.To measure the sedentary and physical activity behaviors of the participants，the modified SAPAC with a 7-day recall was used[12-13].The measure is selected as it allow s for comparisons w ith the previous studies.The SAPAC included seven sedentary activities，they were：computer/internet，playing video games，doing homework，leisure reading，sitting and talking/listening to music，talking on the telephone，and watching television.There were 15 listed sports and dance activities，seven exercises，and six general physical activities（cycling，hiking，walking，water play，outdoor gardening，and indoor chores.There were four other options for the participants to fill in if the activities were not listed.The participants were told to recall what activities they had engaged in the previous seven days and how many m inutes they participated in each of these activities.The reliability and validity of the 7-day recall SAPAC have been established in previous studies[12，14].

1.4DataAnalyses

It is known for previous studies that the data collected using the SAPAC were skewed，steps w ere taken to polychotom ized all the seven sedentary behaviors and physical activity[12-13].The polychotomization reduces the excessive skewness and leptokurtic distribution of the variables.

The time spent on all the sedentary behaviors，except television w atching w ere grouped into four categories：None（0 h/wk），Low（0.1 to 2.9 h/wk），Moderate（3.0 to 6.9 h/wk），and High（≥7 h/wk）.Television watching was classified into four categories：None（0 h/wk），Low（0.1 to 6.9 h/wk），Moderate 7.0 to 13.9 h/ w k），and High（≥14.0 h/w k）.In addition，the levels of physical activity participation were recorded into four categories：NoActivity or Inactive（0 min/wk）；Low Activity w ith 1 to 150 m inutes of moderate activity（3 to 5.9 METs）or≤60 m inutes/week of vigorous activity（≥6 METs）；Moderate Activity w ith either>150and≤300 m inutes/w eek of moderate activityor>60and≤120 m inutes/w eek of vigorous activity，and High Activity with either>300 m inutes/ week ofmoderateactivity or>120minutes/weekofvigorousactivity. The frequency distribution of each activity was computed.Chi square tests were used to exam ine the differences in sedentary and physical activity by gender.These steps were in line w ith previous studies[12-13].Next，the polychoric correlations of all the sedentary and physical activities were computed.In the subsequent analyses，thephysicalactivitiesw erere-classified into1）eam sports（basketball，soccer，rugby，hockey，cricket and volleyball），and，2）individual sport（golf，racket sports，martial arts，snooker，and skating），3）danceandgymnastics（alldancetypesand gymnastics），4）swimming and w ater sports，5）exercise（all training activities except sw imm ing），and 6）general physical activities（as per original category）. The frequency，duration，and types of the activities were analyzed.

2　Results

Tables 1 and 2 show the percentages of involvement of the overall sample，as well as for the male and female students in the four categories of behaviors.In general，the majority of Chinese students spent more than seven hours per week on homew ork. There were no gender differences according to the results of the Chi-square test.Surprisingly，all the students seem to spend little time on internet or computer and television w atching.No gender differences were detected.

However，the results of the Chi-square tests showed that there were significant gender differences in the video gaming （χ2(3)=24.27，P<0.01）.Specifically，male students tended to spend more time on video gam ing compared to the female students. Female students spent more time reading for leisure compared to the male students，（χ2(3)=24.90，P<0.01）.Female students also spent more time on sit and talk and telephone compared to the male students（χ2(3)=9.24，P<0.05；χ2(3)=10.32，P<0.05）.However，majority of the Chinese students spent little time in telephone，sit and talk，television watching，reading，gam ing and use of com puter. M ost of their time was spent in homework.

表1　久坐与身体活动的总体和性别状况/%Tab le1　Prevalence o fsedentaryand physical activitybehaviors for the overall sam p le and by gender/%

表2　中国样本的身体活动状况/% Tab le2　Prevalence ofphysical activityam ongChinese sam p le/%

In term s of physical activity participation，about 71.0%of the students reported a high amount of physical activity（>300 m ins/ wk of moderate activity or>120 min/wk of vigorous activity）. Another 15.7%reported participation in moderate physical activity （>150and≤300 m ins/wk of moderate activity or>60 and≤120 m in/ wk of vigorous activity）.Only 3.0%of the students reported low or no physical activity.No gender differences were found.

Table 3 presents the results of the polychoric correlations. The results show that the use of a computer/internet had positive relationships with video gaming and sit and talk.Video gam ing was negatively associated with homework and reading but positively related to sit and talk and television watching.Homework w as positively related to sit and talk and use of telephone.Sit and talk was positively related w ith leisure reading.Sit and talking was positively associated w ith use of telephone and television

表3　久坐行为与身体活动的多项相关矩阵Tab le3　Polychoric CorrelationMatrixforthe Sedentary Behaviors and Physical Activity

watching.Physical activity participation was not related to any of the sedentary behaviors.

In view of the low sedentary behavior behaviors and high physical activity behaviors among the Chinese samp le，it may be interesting to take a closer look at the physical activity behaviors. The results showed that 56.3%of the total sample did not participate in any team sports in the last seven days，this include PE lessons in school.O f the 43.7%of the students who took part in team sports，the mean time spent was 163.10 m in/wk，SD=152.32 mins/wk.The most popular team sports participated were soccer （61.6%），basketball（58.1%），and volleyball（18.6%）.Slightly higher proportion of the samp le took part in individual sports （45.2%）.The average time spent per week was 182.90（SD= 182.76），and the most popular individual sports were racket sports，such as badm inton，tennis，table and tennis（78.6%），followed by skating（16.8%），and golf（15.7%）.Only 12.2%of the total sample participated in sw imm ing or w ater sports activities（M=134.37，SD=91.15）.Sim ilarly，only 18.8%of the sample took part in dance or gymnastic activities（M=112.16，SD=80.07）.Majority of the students（79.2%）reported involvement in exercise（M=168.70，SD= 158.29）.The most popular were brisk w alking（92.2%），followed by calisthenics activities，such as push-ups，sit-ups，and jumping jacks（42.2%），and jogging（21.4%）.

In terms of general physical activities，more than 92.4%of the students reported high levels（M=922.84，SD=804.29）.The most common activities were w alking（84.1%），indoor chores （61.0%），and cycling（56.0%）.

3　Discussion

The main purpose of the present study was to exam ine the sedentary behavior and physical activity patterns among Chinese adolescents.Previous studies[11]have reported a worrying trend in that only 5.6%of Chinese city children met the recommendation of 60 m in of MVPA per day.Chinese children and youth are spending 8.7 hours in sedentary behavior and less than 30 min of MVPA per day.The findings of the present study found contrary results and gathered more information about the type and duration of sedentary and physical activities participated by the Chinese adolescents.

In terms of sedentary behaviors，one salient finding from the current study is that Chinese adolescents spent a huge proportion of their time doing homework（44.2%more than 7 hour/week）over other sedentary behaviors.Although the figure for doing homework is comparable to the Singaporean secondary school students[15]，it seems that doing homew ork is the dom inant sedentary activity for Chinese secondary students.Another interesting finding is that Chinese students do not spend a great deal of time on the use of internet or computer；majority spent less than 30 m in per day.The reason for this could be the infusion of information technology in Chinese schools may be slightly behind those in US or Singapore.In addition，Chinese students spent little time watching television，about 30%of Chinese adolescents do not watch television at all.This finding again is very different from other countries[10，12-13].

However，one w orrying trend is that the Chinese secondary schoolboys are spending too much time on video gam ing（28.8% spent more than 3 hour per week），compared to 15%Singaporean secondary schoolboys in Wang et al.’s[15]study.

Girls spent more time in leisure reading and sitting and talking than boys，and boys spent more time in video gaming.This is consistent w ith previous findings[12-13，15].

In terms of physical activity participation，the results of the current study show that Chinese adolescents are quite active. Almost 71%of the sample participated in more than 300 min of moderatephysicalactivity ormore than120m inofvigorousactivity per week，16%participated in more than 150 m in of moderate physical activity or more than 60 m in of vigorous activity per week.Only 3%reported no physical activity participation in the last 7 days.These figures show that Chinese adolescents are relatively physically active，compared to their counterparts in other countries[12，15].The result is also in stark contrast w ith previous study w ith Chinese children and adolescents using accelerometers[11].There is a need for more studies to exam ine the discrepancy among the studies.

The results of the current study extend previous research in terms of the type and preference of physical activity participated by the Chinese adolescents.It is surprising to find out that majority of the Chinese adolescents are not engaging in sports and games，including during PE lessons.The most common physical activities were brisk walking and cycling.In many other countries，sport and games usually take up a big proportion of the PE curriculum[16]. Hickey and Jin[7]highlight major issues in PE in China.PE isperceived as not important and there is a lack of support and recognition given to the place and purpose of PE in schools.The PE teachers in China may lack the pedagogic framew ork to imp lement the new Physical Education and Health curriculum.There is a need to relook at the status of PE in China.

The findings of the current study highlight that the current physical activity level of the Chinese adolescents is still healthy，and not of great concern yet.However，this study used the 7-day recall questionnaire and there are potential limitations w ith the use of self-report measures.There is a need for more studies using objective measures of physical activity.The most dominant sedentary behavior among Chinese adolescents is doing homew ork. This is not surprising as Chinese parents p lace great em phasis on academ ic achievement and it is likely that time spent watching television or use of telephone and talking to friends may be controlled by the parents as well[17].W ith the fast development in China cities and increase in income and wealth，the physical activity and inactivity patterns are likely to change very rapidly in the near future.It is important to track the changes across time among the Chinese adolescents.

To conclude，this study provides a better understanding of the sedentary and physical activity patterns among Chinese adolescents.The findings can be used as a baseline study and inform policy makers or physical educators of the prevalence of physical activity and inactivity and the development of intervention strategies.

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中图分类号：G 804.8

文献标志码：A

文章编号：1005-0000（2015）04-277-05

DOI：10.13297/j.cnki.issn1005-0000.2015.04.001

收稿日期：2015-06-06；修回日期：2015-06-25；录用日期：2015-06-26

基金项目：国家科技支撑计划课题（项目编号：2012BAK21B03）；天津市“千人计划”资助；天津市高等学校“十二五”创新团队资助

作者简介：王志庆（1966-），男，新加坡人，教授，博士，研究方向为体育教育与运动心理学。

作者单位：1.新加坡南洋理工大学国立教育学院体育与运动科学部，新加坡637616；2.天津体育学院竞技运动心理与生理调控国家体育总局重点实验室，天津300381；3.天津市双港中学，天津300350。

Sedentary Behaviors and Physical Activity Patterns among Secondary Students

C.K.John WANG1，2，CHANG Shuzhi2，SUN Yan1in2，GUO Juan3
（1.Nationa1 Institute of Education，Nanyang Techno1ogica1 University，Singapore；2.Key Lab of Competitive Sport Psycho1ogy and Physio1ogica1 Regu1ation（China Genera1 Administration of Sport），Tianjin University of Sport，Tianjin 300381，China；3.Tianjin Shuanggang Midd1e Schoo1，Tianjin 300350，China）

AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to examine sedentary behaviors and physica1 activity patterns among secondary students in a modernized city in China from one secondary schoo1.A samp1e of 197 secondary schoo1 students aged 12 to 16 years took part in the study.The modified SAPAC with a 7-day reca11 was used.Resu1ts showed the majority of Chinese students spent more than seven hours per week on homework.Surprising1y，a11 the students seem to spend 1itt1e time on internet or computer and te1evision watching.No gender differences were detected.In terms of physica1 activity participation，about 71.0%of the students reported a high amount of physica1 activity（＞300 mins/wk of moderate activity or＞120 min/wk of vigorous activity）.Another 15.7%reported participation in moderate physica1 activity（＞150 and（300 mins/wk of moderate activity or＞60 and（120 min/wk of vigorous activity）.On1y 3.0%of the students reported 1ow or no physica1 activity.No gender differences were found.Overa11，these findings confirmed physica1 activity participation was not re1ated to any of the sedentary behaviors.It was found that majority of the Chinese ado1escents are not engaging in sports and games，inc1uding during PE 1essons.The most common physica1 activities were brisk wa1king and cyc1ing.This study provides a better understanding of the sedentary and physica1 activity patterns among Chinese ado1escents. The findingscanbeused asabase1inestudyand inform po1icy makers or physica1 educators of the preva1ence of physica1 activity and inactivity and the deve1opment of intervention strategies.

Key wordsphysica1 activity；sedentary behaviors；Chinese ado1escents；PA types and preference