万杰
虚拟语气是新课标在语法项目表中新增加的,要求考生必须掌握的语法项目之一。它表示说话人的主观愿望、建议或与事实不符的假设等,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。因此,在语篇填空中,考生应明确哪些情况下需使用虚拟语气,并且牢固掌握虚拟语气句子中的谓语动词的形式。
考点一、考查含有if条件句的虚拟语气
如果从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件,主句就会产生一种不可能获得的结果。含有if条件句的虚拟语气根据表达的不同时间有三种不同的形式。请看下表:
if条件句谓语形式
[JZ]主句谓语形式
对现在的虚拟过去时(be用were)would/should/could/might +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].
对将来的虚拟
①过去时
②were to +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].
③should +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].would/should/could/might +[WTBX]v[WTBZ].
对过去的虚拟过去完成时would/should/could/might +have done
例1:
If everyone in the country bought one softdrink each day and threw it away, there would soon be a huge mountain of rubbish.如果全国每个人每天买一罐软饮料,然后把空罐扔掉,垃圾很快就会堆积如山。(对现在的虚拟)
例2:If the hurricane had happened during the day time, there would have been many more deaths.倘若飓风发生在白天,那么死亡的人数还会多得多。(对过去的虚拟)
例3:If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.如果明天下雪,他们就不出去了。(对将来的虚拟)
【考例1】
I should not have laughed if I (think) you were serious.
解析:句意为:如果我早知道你是严肃的,我就不应该笑了。根据前面给出句子中的should not have laughed可以判断出,这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,从句谓语动词应该用过去完成时。故答案为had thought。
【考例2】 This washing machine is of good quality. If it (break down) within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.
解析:句意为:这台洗衣机的质量很好。如果它在第一年里出了故障,我们将免费修理。根据语境可知,这是对将来的一种假设。在if条件句中对将来的虚拟,谓语动词可以使用“should+动词原形”,也可以使用“过去时”或“were to +动词原形”。故答案为should break down/ broke down/ were to break down。
【考例3】 We (be) back in the hotel now if you didnt lose the map.
解析:句意为:如果你没有把地图弄丢,我们现在就会在宾馆里了。由now以及if从句中的didnt lose可知,这是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,主句中应使用“过去时的情态动词+动词原形”。故答案为would be。
以下几种特例应引起考生注意:
1.省略if的虚拟条件句中应使用部分倒装语序
如果在条件句中含有were, had或should,可将if省略,然后将were, had或should移至主语之前,构成部分倒装。
例1:Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.如果明天有会议召开,我会来的。
例2:Had we made a great effort, we might have succeeded.如果我们(过去)做了很大努力的话,我们可能就获得成功了。
【考例1】
they known what was coming next, they might have had second thoughts.
解析:句意为:如果他们当时知道接下来会发生什么事情,他们有可能就会重新考虑了。根据句意可知,这是一个含有省略了if的虚拟语气的句子。由于省略了if,从句中应使用倒装语序。根据might have had可知,这是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,因此虚拟语气省略if的从句中应该使用过去完成时。故应填Had。
【考例2】 Should it rain, the crops (save).
解析:句意为:假如天下雨了,庄稼就会得救。根据语境可知这是对将来的虚拟,条件句中省略了if。主句中谓语动词应该使用“过去时的情态动词+动词原形”,再结合句意可知,庄稼是“被救了”。故答案为would be saved。
2.混合条件句的虚拟语气
有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致,这时动词的形式应根据它们表示的时间加以调整。
例:If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today.如果昨天晚上下了雨的话,今天就会非常凉爽了。(条件句表示对过去的虚拟,用过去完成时;主句表示对现在的虚拟,用“would/should…+动词原形”)endprint
【考例1】—It was the drug, not the disease, that killed the boy.
—He would be still alive today if he (take) that drug.
[JP2]
解析:句意为:“是毒品而不是疾病夺去了那个男孩的生命。”“要是他以前不吸食毒品的话,他今天还会活着。”本题考查混合式虚拟语气。从句与过去事实相反,而主句与现在事实相反,所以从句用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟,而且表示的是否定意义。故答案为hadnt taken。[JP]
【考例2】 If he had spent more time practising speaking English before, he (be) able to speak it much better now.
解析:句意为:如果他以前花更多的时间练习说英语,现在他就能说得更好了。这是一个混合虚拟条件句。if条件状语从句含有明显的过去时间状语before,是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,谓语动词应用过去完成时;主句中有现在时的时间状语now,表示与现在事实相反,用“would+动词原形”。故答案为would be。
3.含蓄条件句的虚拟语气
(1)用连词otherwise, or, but 等暗示条件
例1:I thought you would remain there for a while after the conference.Otherwise I wouldnt have bought you a single ticket. 我原以为你会后要在那儿逗留一段时间。要不然我就不会给你买单程票了。
例2:Mary could be prettier,but she doesnt care much about her clothes. 玛丽本可以更漂亮些,但是她不太在乎衣着。
【考例1】
We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we (visit) more places of interest yesterday.
解析:句意为:我们在那个小村庄迷了路,否则我们昨天就能参观更多的名胜古迹了。句中的otherwise“否则,要不然”,它引起的虚拟语气属于含蓄型。由句中的时间状语yesterday可知是与过去事实相反,此时主句用would have done形式。故答案为would have visited。
【考例2】
—Thank you for reminding me of the time, or I (be) late yesterday.
—Dont mention it.
解析:句意为:“谢谢你提醒我时间,不然昨天我就迟到了。”“不客气。”从语境可知说话人是在谈论昨天的事,or暗示该句表示对过去的虚拟,谓语动词应使用“would/should[WW(]…[WW)]+完成时”形式。故答案为would have been。
(2)用but for, without等介词短语表达条件
例:The ship would have sunk with all on board but for the efforts of the captain. 要不是因为船长的努力,我们就会连船带人都沉没了。
【考例1】
We (put) Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury.
解析:句意为:若不是因为他最近受伤,我们就会把约翰的名字放进昨天的比赛名单中了。But for暗示此处表示的是虚拟语气,是对过去发生事情的后悔和遗憾,故使用would have done表示对过去的虚拟,意思是“本来会做某事而没有做”。故答案为would have put。
【考例2】
the help of my English teacher, I would not have won the first prize in the English Speaking Competition.
解析:句意为:要是没有英语老师的帮助,我就不会在英语演讲比赛中获得一等奖了。这是一个隐含的虚拟条件句,含有“if my English teacher hadnt helped me with my spoken English”之意,表示含蓄条件,由于后面是名词,此处应填介词。故答案为Without。
考点二、考查名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1. 考查主语从句中的虚拟语气
下列主语从句中谓语动词通常用“(should)+动词原形”。
(1) It is necessary (important, natural, strange, surprising…) that…
例1:It is necessary that he(should) be sent to hospital at once. 他有必要被立刻送往医院。
例2:It is strange that she(should) marry such a poor man. 她竟然嫁给这样一个穷光蛋,真是太奇怪了。
(2) It is suggested (desired, decided, ordered, requested, proposed…) that…endprint
例1:It has been decided that the meeting(should) be put off till next Saturday. 会议被决定推迟到下星期六举行。
例2:It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in English.你应该花更多的时间用于英语学习。
2.考查宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在某些动词后的宾语从句中,使用“(should)+动词原形”。常见的动词有:一个坚持(insist);两个命令(order, command);三条建议(advise, suggest, recommend);四项要求(demand, require, request, ask)。
例1:He ordered that the medicine (should) be sent by a special plane.他命令用专机运送药品。
例2:She suggested that we (should) leave early.她建议我们早点动身。
【考例】He suggested that she (leave) the house at once.
解析:suggest是表示“建议”的动词,后面接从句时,从句使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用should + do,should可以省略。故答案为(should) leave。
当suggest意为“暗示,表明”,insist作“力言,坚持(认为)”用时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气。
例1:His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。(“暗示,表明”,不用虚拟语气)
例2:He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。(“建议”,用虚拟语气)
例3:Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 迈克坚持认为自己从来没偷任何东西。(非虚拟语气)
例4:We insisted that she (should) go with us. 我们坚持她应该跟我们走。(虚拟语气)
【考例】
His smile suggested that he (succeed) in this exam.
解析:句意为:他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。本题中suggest意为“暗示,表明”, 其后的宾语从句不用虚拟语气。“考试成功”发生在suggested之前,应使用过去完成时。故答案为had succeeded。
(2) wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词有三种形式:对现在的虚拟,用过去时;对过去的虚拟,用过去完成时;对将来的虚拟,用“would / should+动词原形”。
例1:I wish I were not so busy. 但愿我不那样忙碌。
例2:How I wish I had seen her off at the station, but I was too busy. 我要是去车站送过她就好了,但我当时太忙了。
例3:I wish he would come at once.我真希望他马上来。
【考例】
—Where are the children? The dinners going to be completely ruined.
—I wish they(be) always late.
解析:wish后的宾语从句应该使用虚拟语气。题干中有always,表明这是对现在的虚拟,从句应使用一般过去时表示对现在的虚拟,根据语境“我希望他们不要老是迟到。”可知应使用否定形式。故答案为werent。
3.考查表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
某些表示建议、计划、命令的名词(如advice, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request等)后的同位语从句和表语从句中的谓语动词常用“(should)+动词原形”。
例1:We all agreed to his suggestion that he (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我们都同意他到北京旅游观光的建议。
例2:My advice is that he do exercises first.我的建议是他应该先做练习。
考点三、考查虚拟语气在固定句式中的使用
1.虚拟语气用于It is (high) time (that)…句型中,that从句中的谓语动词用过去式(be用were)或“should+动词原形”,should不能省略,意为“(现在)该到了……的时候了”。例如:
Its high time that he went (should go) to bed.到了他该上床睡觉的时候了。
【考例】
Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he (do) something instead of just talking.
解析:Its high time that是一个固定句型,that从句中的谓语动词用过去式或“should+动词原形”,should不能省略,意为“(现在)该到了……的时候了”,故答案为should do/ did。endprint
2.虚拟语气用于would rather后的从句中,用过去式表示现在或将来的情况,用过去完成式表示过去的情况。
例1:I would rather you went next Sunday.我愿你下个星期天去。
例2:I would rather you hadnt done that.我真希望你没做那件事。
【考例】
George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he (focus) more on its culture.
解析:would rather后接从句应使用虚拟语气。该题表示对将来的虚拟,从句中的动词用过去时形式,故答案为focused。
3.虚拟语气用于as if (as though), even if (even though)等引导的表语从句或状语从句中,对现在的虚拟,用过去时;对过去的虚拟,用过去完成时。
例:The two newcomers talked as if they had known each other for ages.那两个新来的人聊天的样子仿佛他们已经相识多年了。
【考例】
Dont handle the vase as if it (be) made of steel.
解析:句意为:拿花瓶时不要当它是钢做的一样。as if引导的方式状语从句或表语从句中常用虚拟语气,根据Dont handle…可知此处应为与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,所以动词应使用一般过去时,be用were的形式,故答案为were。
4.虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中,其谓语动词的形式与wish后的宾语从句的动词形式一样。
【考例】
Look at the trouble I am in! If only I (follow) your advice.
[JP+1]
解析:句意为:看看我的麻烦!要是我接受你的建议就好了!根据句意可知,这是对过去没做某事的后悔和遗憾,是对过去的虚拟,从句中应使用过去完成时,故答案为had followed。[JP]
考点四、考查语境中用“情态动词+完成时”表达的虚拟语气
近几年高考对虚拟语气的命题注重在特定语境中结合情态动词进行考查。
【考例1】
—Do you think George has passed the driving test?
—No. If so, he (drive) his car to our college yesterday.
解析:根据句意可知是对过去的虚拟。If so= If he had passed the driving test,主句应使用“情态动词+ have done”,故答案为would have driven。
【考例2】 I (watch) that movie —itll give me horrible dreams.
解析:表示“本来不应该做而却做了某事”用shouldnt have done,故答案为shouldnt have watched。
【考例3】 Mark(hurry). After driving at top speed, he arrived half an hour early.
解析:根据语境可知提前半个小时到达,说明Mark本来不必那么匆忙,所以用neednt have done结构,表示“本来不必要做某事而实际上做了”,故答案为neednt have hurried。
巩固练习:
1. —I still havent thanked Aunt Lucy for her present.
—Its time you (do).
2. — Ive told everyone about it.
—Oh, Id rather you (have).
3.People are recycling many things which they (throw) away in the past.
4. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she (say) something she would regret later.
5. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he (be) badly wounded and that he (operate) on at once.
6. I forget where I read the article, or I (show) it to you now.
7.If Mr. Dewey (be) present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
8. We would rather our daughter (stay) at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer.
9. he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.endprint
10.They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they (come) to our help.
11. Mr. Li required the computer equipment referred to (use) in every classroom.
12. It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I (do) it?
13. — What courses are you going to do next term?
—I dont know. But its about time I (decide) on something.
14. One of the requirements for the fire is that the material (heat) to its burning temperature.
15. Robert wishes that he (study) business instead of history when he was in university.
16. My demand is that the information referred to in my report (email) to Mr. Brown without delay.
17. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he (come) to the meeting.
18. Without electricity, human life (be) quite different today.
19. If he had not gone out in the storm, he (be) alive now.
20. If only I (know) how to operate an electronic computer as you do.
21. But for the Party, he (die) of hunger fifteen years ago.
22. I would have come earlier, but I (know) that you were waiting for me.
23. The teacher agreed to the suggestion that the students (give) two weeks to prepare for the exam.
24. Wang Lin, one of my friends, is very good at English. He speaks English as if he (be) an Englishman.
25. We (lose) our lives,had it not been for the policeman.
26. the captain been more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
27. Were it not for the snowy weather, we (be) all right.
28. Had I known your address, I (write) to you.
29. If it hadnt been for the doctors care, I (recover) so soon.
30.Sally couldnt have written to him, or he (receive) her letter.
答案与解析:
1.did /should do。Its time (that)…从句中应使用虚拟语气,从句中的谓语动词用过去时或should+动词原形,不能用其他情态动词。
2.hadnt。would rather后面的从句应使用虚拟语气,此处用过去完成时表示对过去的虚拟。
3.would have thrown。句意为“人们正在回收利用他们过去本来会扔掉的东西。”表示与过去事实相反的虚拟应该使用would have done。
4.might have said。连词otherwise暗示本句应用虚拟语气,表示对过去的虚拟,应用“would/might…+have done”。
5.was; (should) be operated。第一空“他受伤很严重”是真实语气,动词用was;第二空“他应该立刻做手术”表示虚拟语气,应用“should +动词原形”,should可省略,此处表示被动,故用should be done。
6.would show。连词or暗示本句应用虚拟语气表示对现在的虚拟,主句中谓语动词应用“would/should…+动词原形”。
7.had been。根据主句中的would have offered可知与过去事实相反,故从句应使用过去完成时。
8.stayed。would rather后面的从句应使用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在或将来事实相反,应使用一般过去时;如果表示与过去事实相反,应使用过去完成时。句意为“我们宁愿我们的女儿待在家里,但是这是她的选择,她已经不再是孩子了”。根据句意可知是与现在事实相反,所以使用一般过去时。endprint
9.Had。本题实际上是一个省略了if的条件状语从句的虚拟语气,表示与过去事实相反。条件句中使用“过去完成时”,主句使用“情态动词+have done”,当条件句中的if省略的时候,要把had提前形成部分倒装。
10.would have come。本题考查的是一个含蓄的虚拟条件句,句中的or相当于“if they had not gone abroad”。前面句中的谓语动词使用的是were,说明这个虚拟语气是与过去事实相反,所以主句中应使用“情态动词+have done”的形式。
11.(should) be used。require是表示“要求,建议,命令”的动词,其后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词应用“(should) +动词原形”。computer equipment应该是“被使用”,故使用被动语态形式。
12. had done。as if“似乎,好像”,其后面的从句有两种情况,如果是真实的事情,就使用陈述语气;如果表示的是假的事情,就使用虚拟语气。与过去相反,使用“过去完成时”;与将来相反,使用过去将来时;与现在相反,使用一般过去时。根据前一句中的was可知打破玻璃是过去发生的事情,所以是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,故使用过去完成时。
13.decided/ should decide。 在It is (high/about) time (that)…句型中应使用虚拟语气,从句中的谓语动词用过去时(be用were)或“should+动词原形”,其中的should不能省略。
14. (should) be heated。requirement是表示“要求,建议,命令”的名词,其后的表语从句应该使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”。根据意思表示“被加热”,应使用被动语态。
15.had studied。wish后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟语气,表示对过去的虚拟,故从句中应使用过去完成时。
16. (should) be emailed。demand是表示“要求,建议,命令”的名词,其后的表语从句中应使用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“(should)+动词原形”,根据句意可知应使用被动语态。
17.would have come。连词otherwise暗示本句应使用虚拟语气。根据句意可知表示对过去的虚拟,主句应用“would/should…+完成时”。
18.would be。without介词短语暗示本句应用虚拟语气。对现在的虚拟,主句应使用“would/should…+动词原形”。
19.would be。考查混合条件句的虚拟语气。条件状语从句中表示对过去的虚拟,主句表示对现在的虚拟,故主句中应使用“would/should…+动词原形”。
20.knew。在if only引导的感叹句中应使用虚拟语气,表示对现在的虚拟,谓语动词应用过去时。句意为“要是我能像你一样知道怎样操作电子计算机就好了。”
21.would have died。but for介词短语暗示本句应使用虚拟语气。表示对过去的虚拟,主句应使用“would/should…+完成时”。
22. didnt know。句意为:我本来会早来一点的,但是我不知道你在等我。“不知道你在等我”是事实,故使用真实语气,表示当时不知道,用过去时。
23. (should) be given。suggestion是表示“要求,建议,命令”的名词,在其后的同位语从句中应该使用虚拟语气,谓语动词应用“(should)+动词原形”。学生被给两周时间准备考试,故使用被动语态。
24.were。as if引导状语从句,此处表示虚拟语气。对现在的虚拟,用过去时,故be用were。
25. would have lost。had it not been for the policeman是省略if之后的倒装句式,表示的是对过去的虚拟,主句中表示对过去的虚拟应用“would/should…+完成时”。
26.Had。句意为:要是船长更小心一些,他的船就不会沉了。这是一个含有省略if条件句的虚拟语气句。对过去的虚拟,在状语从句中应使用过去完成时,故填Had。
27. would be。前一句是省略if后的部分倒装句,表示对现在的虚拟。主句中表示对现在的虚拟应使用 “would /should…+动词原形”。
28.would have written。句意为:要是我知道你的地址,我早就给你写信了。前一句是省略if后的部分倒装句,表示对过去的虚拟。对过去的虚拟,主句应使用“would/should…+完成时”。
29.wouldnt have recovered。从句中的过去完成时暗示对过去的虚拟,主句应使用“would/should…+完成时”,根据句意可知应使用否定形式。
30.could have received。连词or暗示本句应用虚拟语气。表示对过去的虚拟,主句谓语动词应用“would/should…+完成时”。endprint