王士龙
一、高考书面表达对考生的能力要求
《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》对写作是这样阐述的:写作是四项语言技能中不可分割的一个重要部分,更是语言生成能力的重要表现形式。该部分要求考生根据提示进行书面表达。考生应能准确使用语法和词汇;应能使用一定的句型、词汇,清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。
二、书面表达的具体训练步骤
写作是有一定规律的。考生在写作训练时,应做到循序渐进,由易到难,逐步提高,具体要走好三大步。
第一步:力求简洁的初始阶段。
能正确运用五种简单句的基本句型,不用复合句和复杂句式,力求无语病。
1.主语+不及物动词
例如:He laughs.
2.主语+系动词+表语
例如:This kind of food tastes delicious.
其系动词一般可分为两类:
①表示状态。这类词有:be, look,seem,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain,stay等。
②表示变化。这类词有:become, turn, get, grow,go 等。
3.主语+及物动词+宾语
例如:Farmers grow lots of vegetables.
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, teach, show, bring,send 等。
例如:Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+补语
宾语补足语的主要作用是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。
担任宾补的是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。例如:
①You should keep the room clean and tidy.(形容词)
②We made him our monitor.(名词)
③His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)
④My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词)
⑤Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词)
第二步:多写多练的过渡阶段。
新课标要求书面表达写100词左右,平时练习时可适当增加,可练习写120词左右的作文。练习时可写合作学习,微笑的作用,团结友爱等。在多写多练中找出自己的缺点和错误,锤炼自己的正确表达。
第三步:登堂入室的升华阶段。
用词不仅要准确恰当,还要有表现力,遣词造句力求丰富多样,谋篇布局要高屋建瓴,起承转合衔接恰当,呈现出整体的气势和美感。
在进行具体的写作训练时,应从以下几个方面入手:
1.注意审题。仔细阅读写作要求及注意事项,防止出现偏题、跑题,文不对题。
2.确定要点。确定格式、体裁、人称、时态及其他基本要点。一般按要求写出5~6个要点,尽量使用短语形式,涉及动词用原形。力求用自己熟悉的表达方式。对不熟悉的表达方式可以采用其他变通说法,避免死译、硬译。
3.扩点成句。列出重要的词组及句型,丰富要点,增加修饰语,如定语、状语或其他修饰语。添加句子成分,符合字数及要点要求。
4.连句成篇。运用连接词将句子连成短文,打好草稿。在需要的地方加上适当的并列、转折、递进、因果等关系词或其他过渡性语句;加上合适的拓展内容,使行文流畅,拓展的内容要紧扣主题。可以把文章分为三段或四段,不能一逗到底。展开的方式包括顺序法、举例法、比较法、说明法、因果法、归纳法等,可根据需要选取一种或几种方式。
5.修改润色。要避免重复,用词要有变化,句子也要富有变化。可运用被动语态、非谓语动词、独立主格结构、with复合结构、强调结构、倒装、省略、名言谚语等。
6.全面检查。检查要点是否齐全;是否用到提供的参考词汇;行文是否流畅;人称、时态、单复数、句型、拼写、词性是否正确;书写和标点是否规范等。
三、书面表达常用表达方式
1.常用句型
①There is( was) /( are )sb. doing sth.
②I saw (noticed, heard etc)sb. doing (do/done) sth.
③I was about to leave when a guest dropped in on me.
④(On / When)Seeing an old man in need of help, I rushed to support him.
⑤Having showed my friends around our school, I took them to the park.
⑥What impressed me most was that …
2.常用过渡词
①first / second / third / at last
②first / next / then / at last / finally
③but / however / while / and / so / becauseendprint
④as long as / on condition that / in spite of / even if / even though
⑤whats more / beside / Thats to say / in a word in short
⑥As you know, … / In my opinion …
3. 表示感叹
①What an interesting lesson / party / film / activity / thing we have had / saw / did today!
②What a brave boy he is! What a busy day it is!
③How important to learn the knowledge we need!
④How important it is to protect our environment / earth!
4. 表示比例
one half of the students / half of the students / one third of the students / 30 percent of the people / a great number of / the majority of the people
四、书面表达高分策略
(一)运用高级词汇
例1:这件事情挺难的。
This is a challenging job.
例2:我们就会了解父母的辛苦工作。
Well then know about parents hardship.
(二)增加形容词或副词
1. 运用形容词做状语,表示主语所处的状态。
例:他躺在床上,死了。
He is lying in bed, dead.
[JP3]
2.置于句首的副词。
可放句首的副词有:unbelievably,especially,frequently, strangely, unexpectedly, surprisingly, besides, probably等。[JP]
例:这极有可能使孩子养成依赖父母的习惯。
Probably this will make the children develop the habit of living on parents.
(三) 灵活运用各种句型
1. 插入语
例1:然而, 其他同学持有不同意见。
The other students,however, hold a different view.
例2:另外,他们以为将来可以依赖父母。
Besides, theyll think they can rely on their parents in the future.
2.It句型
例1:我们期望今年有个好收成。
It is expected that there will be a good harvest.
例2:30%的学生认为没有必要让孩子知道父母的收入。
30% of the students think it unnecessary to let children know how much their parents earn.
3.with复合结构
例1:作业做完了,那个男孩出去玩了。
With the homework finished, the boy went out to play.
例2:有了父母可依赖,他们就不再努力学习了。
Theyll not study hard any more,with rich parents to depend on.
4.分词短语
例1:30%的同学不赞同这一看法,认为孩子不应当……
30% of my classmates disagree with it,saying children shouldnt…
例2:知道了这点,他们会越来越努力学习。
Knowing this, theyll study harder and harder.
5.从句
例1:他所做的一切使我们很失望。(主语从句)
What he did disappointed us all.
例2:我们应当知道父母的收入,因为这有助于我们理解他们的艰辛。(状语从句)
We should know parents income,because itll help us understand how hard they have to work.
6.倒装句型
例1:我们只有努力学习才能为社会做出自己的贡献。
Only by working hard can we make our contributions to our society in the future.
例2:只有当我们意识到互相帮助的重要性,我们才能致力于建设一个和谐社会。
Only when we realize the importance of helping each other can we be devoted to building a harmonious society.endprint
7.强调句型
例:当他到家以后才知道发生了什么事情。
It was not until he got home that he knew what had happened.
五、高考常考的写作题型和写作方法及训练
(一)提纲文字类
1.写作要求
提纲文字类作文是近年高考书面表达的热点题型之一。它往往以短文提示、列要点或用表格的形式呈现给考生相关信息,通常有较多的文字说明,对考生需要表达的内容有明确的要求和一定的限制。
2.应试策略
(1)认真审题和分析所给的提纲,认清题目和提纲之间的关系,然后确定文章的主题,大致内容及文体。
(2)每一个要点可以作为文章的一个段落层次。段落的展开应围绕提纲中心和内容,不能偏离,也不能任意增减。
(3)提纲是对文章的提示和概括,不是主题句。考生要根据提纲的性质,写出完整的和能体现提纲主旨的句子,使之成为主题句,然后围绕主题句进行扩展。
(4)收集材料支持主题句。材料可以是例证、亲身经历、名人名言、谚语警句等。应当注意,所选材料要与文章相符。即要“扣题”,同时要有典型性,能充分说明问题。在有多个例证的段落中,还要注意各个例证的连贯性。
3.核心考点突破
考生可根据提纲,首先确定文章的中心思想,然后围绕中心思想展开论述,表达主旨。提纲既体现了文章的层次,又规定了各段的大体内容,为考生提供了写作思路。考生可认真思索、计划、整理成文。考查形式以书信、报道、通知、日记、议论文等为主,内容紧贴学生的生活实际。
4.常用句式
(1)开篇句
①with the development of …
②I am of the point that …
③It is said that …
④Its a pleasure to do …
⑤At present, there is a widespread concern that …
(2)衔接句:
①The main reason why …is that …
②Another consideration in this case is that …
③Besides, we shouldnt neglect that …
(3)结束句
①Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that …
②There is a long way to go to solve the problem, but we sincerely hope that …
③Only in this way can we …
④In short, we live in an age …
⑤I hope these measures would help …
5.实战演练 (正反观点对比)
富人做慈善事业越来越受到社会的关注。有的人认为理所应当,有的人认为他们应该受到称颂。针对这一现象,你校英语俱乐部组织了一次英语辩论赛,请根据以下要点写一篇120词左右的英语短文,陈述以下两种不同的观点并发表自己的意见。文章的开头已给出,不计入总词数。
富人做慈善事业是否理所应当
正方观点
反方观点
你的观点
1.富人财富来自社会
2.富人回报社会,做慈善事业理所应当
1.富人的财富是靠合法经营
和辛苦劳动得来的
2.富人做慈善应该受到称颂
[JZ]……
参考范文:
Nowadays, many rich people are enthusiastic about charities.There are different opinions about whether the rich should do charities.
Our English club organized an English debate about it. Students come up with their different opinions.
Some students agree with it, rich peoples fortune is from society. So, they are supposed to do something to reward our society. It is their duty to do charities.
However, some students are against it, rich peoples fortune results from their legal commercial trade and their efforts. If they are enthusiastic about charities, they deserve to be praised.
As far as Im concerned,rich peoples enthusiasm about charities is a helpful behavior to society and they devote themselves to charities, which have a great effect on the world. We should thank the rich, because their love makes the world better and better.endprint
(二)图画(漫画)类
1.命题特点
图画(漫画)类写作是高考英语写作的常见命题方式之一,是一种检测学生观察能力及语言运用能力的考试形式。它要求考生根据一副或几幅画所提供的信息叙述一件事或阐述图画中反映的某种社会现象。这种命题形式的特点在于它所提供的汉语提示很少或几乎没有,留给考生的发挥空间较大,具有形象、直观、内容具体化等特点。能充分考查考生的想象、观察、推理判断以及语言表达能力。
图画(漫画)类写作一般以中学生所熟悉的场景为写作素材。其画面生动形象,具有趣味性,体现了高考写作“生活化”的特点。
2.写作步骤
图画(漫画)类写作可以分为三类:叙述类、说明类和议论类。其写作步骤可以概括为:
认真看图,挖掘细节;
把握主旨,理清顺序;
列出要点,选好词句;
注重联系,适当发挥;
连句成篇,认真检查。
3.写作方法指导
一般采取“三段式”写法。
第一段:描绘图画(漫画)所要表达的含义。
第二段:分析问题的实质。
第三段:发表自己对问题的看法。
4.核心考点突破
[JP3]
首先要细读图画,抓住图画(漫画)要表达的主题,不能只是简单地描述图画(漫画)中的实物或人物的表情、手势、发型等。例如,在一幅漫画中老人的四个儿子把老人当成球,四个孩子在球门前站成一排,当守门员,意思是谁也不想让老人进自己的家门。这幅画的主题是谈老人的赡养问题,可许多考生认为老人生了那么多孩子,是计划生育执行不力造成的问题。这就是没抓住写作主题。其次,不要把重点放在图画(漫画)的幽默之处,写出搞笑的文章。再者,理解文章要表达的寓意。例如,在一幅漫画中老鼠妈妈告诉小老鼠说,“你不想活了吗,那家黑心小吃店用的是地沟油和毒大米。” 寓意是谴责不法店主为了挣钱而不择手段。可有的考生认为这家小店不卫生,有老鼠来过,这就没有把握好图画所要表达的寓意。[JP]
5.常用套句
(1)开头用语
Look at the picture... / The picture shows that... / From this picture, we can see… / As is shown in the picture… / As is seen in the picture…
(2)衔接句
As we all know,… / As is known to all,… / It is well known that… / In my opinion,… / As far as I am concerned,… / This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.
(3)结尾句
In conclusion, … / In brief…/ On the whole,… / In short,… / In a word,… / Generally speaking, … / As has been stated, …
6.实战演练
在中国西部贫困地区有许多留守儿童,他们的父母外出打工挣钱养家。以下这幅图片展现了这群留守儿童的一个生活场景,请根据你对这幅图片的理解用英语写一篇短文。短文应包含以下内容:
[TPj2.TIF;X*2,BP]
1.描述图片内容;
2.简析造成“留守儿童”这一现象的原因;
3.谈谈你的感受和愿望。
参考词汇: 文具stationery(不可数名词);留守儿童leftbehind children
要求:
1.词数:150左右。短文开头已为你写好,不计入总词数;
2.文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。
参考范文:
As we can see in the picture, several children are crouching to the ground in a circle. They are writing “Mum and Dad, I miss you.” These children may need stationery, schoolbags and TV sets and so on,but what they need most is love from their parents.
One of the reasons is that they live in a lessdeveloped western area with poor transportation and a lowlevel education. To improve their living conditions, their parents have to go to big cities to make more money, leaving them at home.
Personally, I really feel sorry for them and I believe that all the children should have the right to receive a good education and enjoy a happy life together with their parents. I suggest the government take immediate measures to provide children with opportunities to study in the city where their parents work. As individuals, we need to do something such as donating clothes or books, raising money and so on to help them.endprint
Im sure they will be able to live a happy and healthy life in the future if more people would like to offer help to them.
(三)图表(图画)类
1.写作要求
[JP3]
图表(图画)类作文是高考书面表达常见的考查形式之一,不仅考查考生的文字表达能力,而且也考查考生审读图表(图画)的能力。此类试题往往要求考生先用英语对所提供的信息进行客观的描述,然后提出自己的观点或发表评论。图表(图画)类作文主要有以下几种形式:数据表格、饼形图、条形图、曲线图和看图作文。其中看图作文中的图画既可以是漫画,也可以是其他图片、照片等情景材料。从写作体裁看,主要有说明文、议论文和应用文,时态一般用一般现在时。[JP]
2.写作步骤
基本上可以按照以下三个步骤,分三段书写。
(1)研究图表(图画),准确描述
第一段:首先要将图表(图画)中的情景进行描述,要言简意赅,不漏要点。
(2)陈述现象,指明原因
第二段:要说明原因,并揭示它所反映的主题,然后紧扣主题分析原因,一般列举两到三条即可,多使用第三人称。
(3)联系实际,表达观点
第三段:结合自己的亲身经历对解决类似问题提出自己的观点和看法,多使用第一人称。
3.核心考点突破
(1)认真阅读图表(图画)提供的信息以及每一栏上面的小标题,弄清设计者想通过图表(图画)所反映的信息、问题或现象。对于曲线图,要认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息,并注意交会点在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位;对于流程图,要按照流程顺序进行适当的逻辑推理;对于柱状图和饼状图,要通过宽度相等的柱形的高度比较和各部分所占的比例来判断事物的动态发展趋势,关注坐标线的刻度、单位以及图表旁边的提示说明;对于平面图,要仔细观察,理解图表的真正含义,按一定的逻辑顺序,有层次地进行表述。
(2)在掌握了全部信息的基础上,把握图表图画中的暗含信息,着手分析这些信息或数据,通过分析对比,找出不同点和相似点。
4.实战演练
爱默生说“人生最美丽的补偿之一,就是人们真诚地帮助别人之后,同时也帮助了自己。” 请你参考下图及右侧调查结果,以 “Helping others is helping ourselves”为标题,用英语写一篇短文。
短文应该包括以下内容:
1.简要描述图画及图表的内容;
2.阐述献血的意义;
3.结合自身实际,谈谈你该做点什么。
注意:
1.根据文字及图片提示,可做适当的发挥;
2.短文词数150左右,开头已给出,不计入总词数;
3.短文中不得提及有关考生的任何信息,如校名,人名等。
参考范文:
Helping others is helping ourselves
Emerson once said, “It is one of the most beautiful compensations of life that no man can sincerely try to help another without helping himself.”
As is shown in the left picture, more blood means more life. However, we are disappointed to see in the right pie chart that only 55 percent of the people are willing to donate their blood while 34% are not. Another 11% even say they are indifferent to it.
Recently many hospitals need blood desperately. If we donate our blood actively, we may not only help the person who need it but also realize our selfvalue. Meanwhile, when we need blood, others will reach out their hands. Besides, helping others is a traditional Chinese virtue, our small act of kindness makes a great difference to people in need and even transforms their lives.
[JP2]
Personally, Ill make great efforts to help people around me and Ill donate my pocket money to Project Hope to help students in poverty so that they can receive an equal chance of education. Plus, I am willing to donate my blood if possible.[JP]
(四)应用文类
1.写作要求
[JP+1]endprint
应用类作文是高考英语书面表达最常见的一种考查形式。此类作文接近考生的生活实际,考生有话可说,能充分考查考生的真实写作水平。常见的应用文有书信、电子邮件、通知、日记、便条、启示、演讲稿等。尤其以书信、电子邮件所占比例最大。一般情况下作文的开头及结尾部分已经给出,只要求考生写主题部分。在应用文的写作中应注意以下两个方面:[JP]
(1)作文内容力求语言平实、简洁、准确,句子不宜过长,让读者(或听众)很容易明白文章表达的基本信息。
(2)不同的文体使用不同的人称和时态,在写作中人称和时态要把握好。
2.写作步骤
下面就书信、日记、演讲稿为例简单介绍一下它们的写作步骤:
(1)书信/电子邮件
此类作文一般开头和结尾都已给出,正文可根据作文要求分段把内容表达清楚即可。
(2)日记/周记
在写作时,一般先介绍活动的时间、地点、目的和内容,最后谈个人感受。
(3)演讲稿
演讲稿通常包括三部分:称呼语、正文和结束语,写作时按这三部分的顺序表达即可。
3.核心考点突破
应用文体重在实用,首先要注意格式的正确;其次,用语要简洁,不可拖泥带水。要注意你所针对的人群和说话的语气。语言力求简练准确,让听众或者读者对内容了解清楚。若是演讲稿还要注意语言要有感染力。
4.实战演练
假如你叫李华,学校组织有外籍教师参加的山东省境内郊游活动,你担任临时导游。请根据下面提示,用英语写一篇讲话稿,在活动开始前向外籍教师简要介绍郊游活动的安排。
4月16日
到达菏泽,参加“牡丹节”
4月18日
到达济宁,参观中国四大古典小说《水浒传》描写的水泊梁山
4月19日
到达曲阜,参观孔府、孔庙、孔林,了解中国儒家文化
4月20日
到达泰安,登被称为“五岳之首”的泰山
4月21日
到达潍坊,参加“潍坊国际风筝节”
4月27日
到达烟台,品尝中国四大菜系之一——鲁菜
[KG*2]4月29日,全程结束
参考词汇:
1.牡丹peony;水浒传 Water Margin;
孔府、孔林、孔庙Confucian Mansion、Confucian Forest、Confucian Temple;
鲁菜 Shandong Cuisine;
儒家思想 Confucianism
One possible version:
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen,
My name is Li Hua. I have the honor of being your guide. Id like to give you a brief introduction to our journey in April .
On April 16th, we will arrive at Heze. We can join in the “Peony Day” activity. On the 18th,April, we will reach Jining and visit Liangshan—a place described in [WTBX]Water Margin[WTBZ] which is one of the four famous classical novels of China. On the 19th,April, we will get to Qufu, where we can visit Confucian Mansion,Confucian Forest,Confucian Temple and experience the “confucianism” culture. Next day, we will arrive at Taian and climb Mount Tai. On April 21, well be in Weifang, where we can celebrate the “Weifang International Kite Festival”. On April 27, well get to Yantai ,where we can enjoy “Shandong Cuisine”—one of the Four Major Chinese Cuisines. The travel will be over on April 29.
Thats all for the arrangement. I wish you all a wonderful holiday. Thanks.
(五)开放、半开放类
1.写作要求
开放、半开放类作文往往给考生呈现有限的提示,留给考生更多思考的空间和自由发挥的余地。考生应仔细审题、确定文体,然后选择恰当的句式来准确表达题目要求的相关内容。这种题型旨在考查考生用英语思考的能力和在具体的语境中用英语表达的能力。
2.写作步骤
[JP3]
(1)开放类作文表达时通常先描述显性的部分,可按一定的顺序描述,如时间的先后或空间的转移,来组织材料。然后是隐性的部分,要紧扣主题或按照作文要求去表达,即揭示寓意,突出主题。隐性部分和显性部分一定有其必然的联系。[JP]
(2)半开放类作文通常先描述材料的叙述部分,然后按材料要求对所给的要点自由发挥即可,但要符合生活实际,真实可信。endprint
3.核心考点突破
对于开放、半开放的作文,首先要仔细审题,看懂原文或原图所要表达的意思,避免离题、跑题。其次,如同散文,要“形散而神不散”,一定要紧扣一个主题或中心写,你所表达和拓展的东西都要围绕这一中心。确立中心之后,应当把完整的推理过程叙述清楚,并通过恰当的细节描述(如从学习、生活中举例及解释图片等的深层含义)来阐述所要说明的中心思想。在此基础上,要注重语言表达的准确性和连贯性,有的放矢,重点突出。
4.实战演练
国务院关于深化考试招生制度改革的实施意见中,针对目前高考中出现的弊端提出了:
(1)保持统一高考的语文、数学、外语科目不变、分值不变,不分文理科;
(2)外语科目提供两次考试机会。
家长对此有支持和不支持两种看法。对此请你发表自己的看法(至少两点)。
要求:
(1)可根据内容要点适当增加细节,使行文连贯;
(2)词数:120 左右。短文开头已为你写好,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:
1. 国务院 the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China
2. 文理不分科 cancel the division of students into different tracks in high school
参考范文:
In the future,the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China will cancel the division of students into different tracks in high school. Students in Senior Three can participate in the English examination twice a year.
Many parents go firmly for it.They think canceling the division of students into different tracks in high school is good for students all-round development. Holding the English examination twice a year can give students more options.
However, many parents oppose this opinion, saying that holding the English test twice a year means putting more pressure and burdens on students and its bad for students development.
Personally, I firmly stand for the decision. I think the State Council of the Peoples Republic of Chinas decision is wise. It is good for the stability and unity of our policies of the College Entrance Examination. And we students can have more options and more flexibility in preparing for the College Entrance Examination.
总之,要想在书面表达上得高分需要积累一定量的词汇、短语和句式,勤背记一些优秀的范文,平时也要多动脑和多思考。endprint