老年颅脑损伤患者并发创伤性脑梗死的危险因素研究

2015-06-23 13:55林其炎何素娇零达尚刘远来
实用心脑肺血管病杂志 2015年7期
关键词:硬膜颅脑血肿

林其炎,何素娇,零达尚,刘远来

老年颅脑损伤患者并发创伤性脑梗死的危险因素研究

林其炎,何素娇,零达尚,刘远来

目的 探讨老年颅脑损伤患者并发创伤性脑梗死(TCI)的危险因素。方法 选取2012—2014年南方医科大学附属小榄医院神经外科收治的老年颅脑损伤患者577例,依据是否并发TCI分为对照组519例和病例组58例。比较两组患者的临床资料,TCI危险因素的分析采用多元Logistic回归分析。结果 病例组患者收缩压低于对照组(P<0.05);格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分≤8分者所占比例及脑疝、恶性脑肿胀、硬膜下血肿发生率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。多元Logistic回归分析显示,收缩压低、GCS评分低、脑疝形成、恶性脑肿胀及硬膜下血肿是老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 收缩压低、GCS评分低、脑疝形成、恶性脑肿胀和硬膜下血肿是老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素。

老年人;颅脑损伤;脑梗死;危险因素

创伤性脑梗死(traumatic cerebral infarction,TCI)是常见的严重颅脑损伤并发症之一,可进一步损伤患者神经系统功能,影响患者预后及生活质量,甚至可导致患者死亡[1]。老年颅脑损伤患者生理功能低下,各类并发症发生率较高[2],目前已有研究证实,高龄是导致颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素之一[3-4],但有关老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素研究报道较少。本研究旨在探讨老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料 选取2012—2014年南方医科大学附属小榄医院神经外科收治的老年颅脑损伤患者577例,其中男382例,女195例;年龄60~85岁,平均年龄(74.3±5.7)岁;受伤原因:跌伤301例,坠伤125例,车祸伤98例,打击伤53例。依据是否并发TCI将所有患者分为对照组519例(89.9%)和病例组58例(10.1%),病例组患者入院时经CT及MRI检查确认无脑梗死,在后续治疗过程中出现意识障碍等症状,复查CT及MRI发现已进展为脑梗死。对照组中男345例,女174例;年龄60~84岁,平均年龄(74.1±5.5)岁;跌伤30例,坠伤12例,车祸伤10例,打击伤5例。病例组中男37例,女21例,年龄60~85岁,平均年龄(74.4±5.7)岁;跌伤271例,坠伤113例,车祸伤88例,打击伤48例。两组患者的性别、年龄及受伤原因间具有均衡性。

1.2 方法 收集两组患者的临床资料,包括收缩压、血糖、C反应蛋白(CRP)、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、脑疝发生情况、恶性脑肿胀发生情况、颅脑损伤类型等。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者一般资料比较 两组患者血糖、CRP及脑挫裂伤、硬膜外血肿、颅骨骨折发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);病例组患者收缩压低于对照组,GCS评分≤8分者所占比例及脑疝、恶性脑肿胀、硬膜下血肿发生率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,见表1)。

表1 两组患者一般资料比较

注:a为t值;CRP=C反应蛋白,GCS=格拉斯哥昏迷量表

2.2 危险因素的多元Logistic回归分析 以有无创伤性脑梗死为因变量,以收缩压、GCS评分、脑疝、恶性脑肿胀和颅脑损伤类型为自变量(变量赋值情况见表2)进行多元Logistic回归分析,结果显示,收缩压低、GCS评分低、脑疝形成、恶性脑肿胀及硬膜下血肿是老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素(P<0.05,见表3)。

表2 变量赋值情况

表3 老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI影响因素的多元Logistic回归分析

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis on influencing factors of TCI in elderly patients with traumatic brain injury

自变量βSEWaldχ2值P值OR值(95%CI)收缩压1.4850.7664.045<0.054.474(1.035,19.175)GCS评分1.6750.26810.208<0.053.286(1.083,13.005)脑疝0.9650.9783.946<0.052.675(1.316,7.588)恶性脑肿胀1.9650.9465.790<0.058.011(1.335,16.815)脑挫裂伤2.0630.5461.543>0.055.487(6.648,14.773)硬膜下血肿2.8430.5978.493<0.059.561(2.472,21.268)硬膜外血肿2.1450.5871.462>0.058.485(2.349,7.289)颅骨骨折2.2460.4531.358>0.058.664(2.516,7.817)

3 讨论

TCI是指颅脑损伤24 h后出现的并发症,但由于部分患者入院时受伤时间已超过1 d,因此这部分患者首次MRI或CT检查发现梗死病灶也可以认为是TCI。研究表明, TCI发生率为5%~10%[5-6],本组患者TCI发生率为10.1%(58/557),高于既往报道,可能与本研究纳入患者均为老年患者有关。

有研究表明,TCI的发生与患者应激状态有关[7-8],CRP和血糖均为应激反应指标。本研究结果显示,两组患者血糖、CRP及脑挫裂伤、硬膜外血肿、颅骨骨折发生率间无明显差异;病例组患者收缩压低于对照组,GCS评分≤8分比例及脑疝、恶性脑肿胀、硬膜下血肿发生率均高于对照组;多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,收缩压低、GCS评分低、脑疝形成、恶性脑肿胀及硬膜下血肿是老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素。低血压可导致老年颅脑损伤患者脑血流灌注不足而引发脑梗死。GCS评分是反映颅脑损伤患者病情严重程度的重要指标,GCS评分越低提示颅脑损伤患者神经功能损伤越重,脑梗死发生风险越高。颅脑损伤类型对TCI的发生也具有重要影响[3-6],存在硬膜下血肿的老年颅脑损伤患者TCI发生率较高的原因可能是:蛛网膜下腔出血激活蛋白激酶C,促进血管平滑肌持续收缩而导致脑血管痉挛,进而影响颅脑供血及导致TCI的发生[9]。颅脑损伤患者出现脑疝的原因为脑组织压力不平衡,易出现组织移位,而脑疝患者易出现脑组织易肿胀且搏动性较差[10]。

综上所述,收缩压低、GCS评分低、脑疝形成、恶性脑肿胀及硬膜下血肿是老年颅脑损伤患者并发TCI的危险因素,临床上应对此类患者进行积极干预,以预防TCI的发生。

[1]尹春风,王东,戴学东,等.外伤性脑梗死25例临床分析[J].江苏医药,2014,40(16):1944-1945.

[2]蔡元晖,杨敏,洪溪平,等.23 例高龄重型颅脑损伤院内猝死患者分析[J].浙江创伤外科,2013,17(6):793-794.

[3]陈文远,陈锋龙,龙建武,等.颅脑损伤后并发脑梗死的危险因素分析[J].福建医药杂志,2014,36(4):43-45.

[4]Server A,Dullerud R,Haakonsen M,et al.Post-traumatic cerebral Infarction[J].Acta Radiologica,2001,42(3):254-260.

[5]Wang WH,Hu LS,Lin H,et al.Risk factors for post-traumatic massive cerebral infarction secondary to space-occupying epidural hematoma[J].J Neurotrauma,2014,31(16):1444-1450.

[6]朱志刚,王大武,胡欣虹.重型、特重型颅脑外伤性脑梗死相关危险因素分析[J].中国保健营养,2013,2(1):47.

[7]Fant F,Tina E,Sandblom D,et al.Thoracic epidural analgesia inhibits the neuro-hormonal but not the acute inflammatory stress response after radical retropubic prostatectomy[J].Br J Anaesth,2013,110(5):747-757.

[8]Vavilala MS,Bowen A,Lam AM,et al.Blood pressure and outcome after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury[J].J Trauma,2003,55(6):1039-1044.

[9]Nakayama K,Obara K,Tanabe Y,et al.Interactive role of tyrosine kinase,protein kinase C,and Rho/Rho kinase systems in the mechanotransduction of vascular smooth muscles[J].Biorheology,2003,40(1):307-314.

[10]DePalma R,Cross G,Buckley C,et al.Blast related traumatic brain injury:pathophysiology,comorbidities,and neurobehavioral outcomes[J].Understanding Traumatic Brain Injury:Current Research and Future Directions,2014,52(7):413.

(本文编辑:崔沙沙)

Risk Factors of Traumatic Cerebral Infarction in Elderly Patients with Craniocerebral Injury

LINQi-yan,HESu-jiao,LINGDa-shang,etal.

DepartmentofNeurosurgery,XiaolanHospitalAffiliatedtoSouthernMedicalUniversity,Zhongshan528415,China

Objective To explore the risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury.Methods A total of 577 elderly patients with craniocerebral injury were selected in Xiaolan Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University from 2012 to 2014,and they were divided into control group(n=519,without traumatic cerebral infarction)and case group(n=58,with traumatic cerebral infarction)according to the incidence of traumatic cerebral infarction.The clinical data was compared between the two groups,and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction.Results SBP of case group was statistically significantly lower than that of control group(P<0.05),while proportion of GCS score≤8 and incidence of cerebral hernia,malignant brain swelling,subdural hematoma of case group were statistically significantly higher than those of control group(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that,decreased SBP,lower GCS score,cerebral hernia,malignant brain swelling and subdural hematoma were risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury(P<0.05).Conclusion Decreased SBP,lower GCS score,cerebral hernia,malignant brain swelling and subdural hematoma are risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury.

Aged;Craniocerebral trauma;Brain infarction;Risk factors

中山市医学科研基金项目(2013A020208)

528415广东省中山市,南方医科大学附属小榄医院神经外科

林其炎,何素娇,零达尚,等.老年颅脑损伤患者并发创伤性脑梗死的危险因素研究[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2015,23(7):136-138.[www.syxnf.net]

R 651.15

B

10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2015.07.043

2015-05-21;

2015-07-20)

Lin QY,He SJ,Ling DS,et al. Risk factors of traumatic cerebral infarction in elderly patients with craniocerebral injury[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2015,23(7):136-138.

猜你喜欢
硬膜颅脑血肿
头皮血肿不妨贴敷治
髓外硬膜内软骨母细胞瘤1例
高压氧在治疗慢性硬膜下血肿中的临床应用效果
慢性硬膜下血肿术后血肿复发的相关因素研究
蒙医结合微创引流治疗慢性硬膜下血肿20例分析
老年重型颅脑损伤合并脑疝联合内外减压术治疗的效果观察
脑室内颅内压监测在老年颅脑损伤中的应用
阿托伐他汀联合中药治疗慢性硬膜下血肿的观察
问题2:老年患者中硬膜外血肿的手术指征?
Current pre-hospital traumatic brain injury management in China