【摘 要】英语长句,由于修饰成分如短语,从句多,或者有插入语等,有的多达几十词,有的甚至上百词或者更多。翻译这类句子,首先要看清句法结构,找出其中心意思及各层意思,分析其相互关系(如时间顺序,空间位置,原因与结果等),然后按照汉语特点和表达方式,正确地将原文信息传输出来,就达到了目的。千万别被原文句式结构或先后顺序捆绑住手脚而不敢突破。教学中有数法可以利用。一、逆序翻译法;二、顺序翻译法;三、分译法;四、综合翻译法。
【关键词】英语长句;逆序翻译法;顺序翻译法;分译法;综合翻译法
一、逆序翻译法
比较英、汉两种语言,有共性,有个性。共性显示出其相同之处,个性显示出不同或迥异之处。共性不是爱多,个性却占了十分突出的位置,因而得以显示出各自特色。我们把逆译放在首位,正是从这个角度考虑。在英语中,介词短语、分词短语作定语,定语从句,同位语从句通常置于所修饰名词之后,而汉语的表达与此相反,因而就必须采用逆序翻译,才符合中文表达习惯。有的是部分颠倒其顺序便可译出;有的必须全部倒过来译。对于部分颠倒顺序的例子,我们归入综合翻译法中讨论,但它毕竟是英汉表达不同的一大特点。举几个逆序翻译中全逆译的例子。
(一)It is so accident that the book written by Mr. Yu, an associate professor in English Department, has aroused an enormous amount of discussion and debate.(分析:it作先行词,引出主语从句。主语从句提前翻译。)
译文:英语系余副教授写的那本书,引起了一场巨大的论战。这事绝非偶然。
(二)It is also true that, as we have seen, those older established writers of the twenties who continued to work during the period were themselves somewhat influenced by the general movement toward a racial social consciousness.(分析:it 作先行詞,引出后面主语从句,采用逆序翻译法先译后面的主语从句,再译前面。)
译文:我们都很清楚,二十世纪著名的老作家们继续写作,是受了点激进的社会觉悟总运动的影响,这也是事实。
(三)New, too, are a brief section of review written when Nineteen Eighty—Four was first published and a section called “personal responses”, in which a number of illustrious literary figures write about Orwell in informal but moving ways.(分析:倒装句;表语new 提前引人注目,能起到强调的作用。而紧接着的是which 引导的是时间状语从句。翻译时in which 从句前采取逆序翻译,其后可保留原语序。因主体为逆序,故也用此例。)
译文:当《1984》首次发表时,一节简略评论和一节被称作“个人反响”字写得也很新颖。在“个人反响”中,不少知名作家都写到奧维尓,文字虽不规范,笔触却很动人。
二、顺序翻译法
英汉两种语言的表达,有同有异。诚如前面所言,同是个别现象;不同是普遍现象。但是,这个别现象却给我们的翻译提供了不少方便。比如说,有的英语长句是按动作发生的时间先后写的,有的则是按逻辑联系安排的,在表达上与汉语趋向一致,就可按原顺序进行翻译。
(一)按时间顺序安排的英语长句,可照原顺序进行翻译。
That I understand this affidavit will be binding upon me for a period of three years after entry of the person(s) named in item 3 .and that the information and documentation provided by me may be made available to the Secretary of Health and Human Service and the Secretary of Agriculture, who may make it available to a public assistance agency.
译文:我明白在第三项中具名以后,本誓词对我有三年的约束力,而且我提供的信息、文本为卫生与人类服务秘书、农业部秘书所利用,他们可以把这些东西供给公共救助社使用。
(二)逻辑顺序安排的英语长句,可保留原有顺序进行翻译。如:
1、Those who had the pleasure of watching Benny Goodman at work saw a rather ordinary—looking man in rimless glasses and conservation business suit; but they also saw a human being who could play the clarinet like no one before or since.
译文:那些荣幸地观看过本尼·古德曼工作的人,看到的是一个容貌颇为寻常的男子,戴一一副无框眼镜,穿一身旧式商人服装;但他们也同时看到了一个人,他的单簧管吹得无人可与伦比。
2、 Those invent, who improve, who know more about a subject than other people do, and, who take something that does not work and make it work—these people are the very soul of capitalism.
译文:那些发明创造者,有的改进器物,有的在某一学科独占鳌头,有的承接某种报废的东西而使之发挥作用—他们才是资本主义的真正灵魂。(注:照原语序翻译,增词或改变词性。)
三、分译法
当英语长句主从关系不十分密切的时候,可将从句或短语译成句子,使之符合汉语多用短语的习惯。为了使语义连贯,可适当增词或减词。如:
(一)I dont know what Doc would have loved more—that spirited musical send off or the plate of milk drop postcards at his funeral with the note that said: “Take one if Doc were here, hed be passing them out.” (分析:介词短语with the note 后跟了一个定语从句,修饰note,关系不十分紧密,可拆译。)
译文:我不知道博士是更偏爱那激越昂奋的音乐送别会,还是丧葬仪式上那盘奶滴明信片?一张纸条上写着:“取一张吧!博士要在这儿,他准会把它们分送掉的。”
(二)She was a domineering woman, a singer who flattened herself that she could have had a brilliant concert career had she not chosen marriage. (分析:Who引导的定语从句与singer间关系不紧密,可拆开单独译成句子。)
譯文:她是一个专横的女人,一个歌唱演员。自我吹捧说,要是不选择结婚,早就成了一名职业歌星。
(三)After selling in Italy in mid—twenties Pound became more and more obsessed with his hatred of American finance and of the “usury” or moneyed interests which he blamed for the degeneration of Americans life since the time of Jefferson.(分析:Which从句与moneyed interests关系不很紧密,可以拆开翻译。)
译文:庞德二十年代中期定居意大利以后,对美国财政和“高利贷”即利滚利越来越深恶痛绝。它认为这是从杰弗逊时代以来美国生活的堕落。
四、综合翻译法
有的英语长句,单一采用顺序翻译,逆序翻译或分译,都难以奏效,就兼容几法为一炉,或按时间先后,或循逻辑顺序、或顺逆结合,照顾其主次关系,予以综合处理。如:
(一)The paradox I have discovered, in writing and in reading the writing of others, is that the more you respect and focus on the singular and strange, the more you become aware of the universal and the infinite.(分析:主语是the paradox ,I have discovered 为定语从句。而in writing and in reading the writing of others为状语,译成中文应摆在句首。that引导部分为表语从句,可顺译。)
译文:在写作或阅读别人作品的时候,我时常发现事与愿违。你越重视、强调特殊性,新奇性,就越是得到其普遍性和一般性。
(二)I believe that readers can relate much humanly and realis tically to the great figures of the past when they understand how directly these related to each other, how intimately concerned they were with each others ideas, whether in agreement or disagreement.(分析:I believe...为主句,that readers...为宾语从句。而在that readers can relate...句中,when they understand又成为readers can relate的状语从句。when they understand 后面又跟了两个how...宾语从句和一个选择性从句,结构十分复杂,顺序翻译、逆序翻译、分译,均无从下手,只好根据其内在联系和逻辑,分清主次,按汉语表达习惯予以处理。)
译文:我相信读者一旦弄清:这些作家,连系非常直接,他们不管是见解一致,还是相互悖逆,均留意对方的观点。那么,我们的读者就会更加理智地、现实地把往昔的名家串成一条红线。
五、结束语
总之,翻译是一门学问,一门艺术。必须付出艰辛的劳动,不断扩大知识见地,勤于探索,才能有所收获。正如学了《小说法程》不会写小说一样,学了翻译技巧并不一定会翻译。各种方法虽然有指导意义,但不能以不变应万变。语言这门学科,高深就在于此。理论与实践相结合,实践再实践,有朝一日,总会悟出其中奥妙。
参考文献:
[1]陈宏薇,《汉英翻译基础》[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998.
[2]杨自俭,《翻译新论》[M].湖北:湖北教育出版社,1990.
[3]刘宓庆,《当代翻译理论》[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
[4]张培基,《英汉翻译教程》[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
作者简介:
杨娜:(1966—)女,贵州遵义人,遵义师范学院外国语学院副教授,研究方向:英语教学法。