刘万洋 张 丽
抗栓药物在合并慢性肾功能不全的急性冠状动脉综合征应用进展
刘万洋 张 丽
急性冠状动脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)和慢性肾功能不全(chronic kidney disease,CKD)有着紧密的联系。肾功能不全患者中大约46%并发缺血性心脏病,而50%的ACS患者患有或在病程中会出现肾功能不全。CKD患者常并发肾功能不全、肾衰竭、出血等特殊代谢状态。因此,在合并CKD的ACS患者中开展介入治疗或药物治疗受到很大限制。多年来,合并CKD的ACS患者治疗一直是临床难点,对于抗栓药物在该类患者中的应用也存在争议。在合并CKD的ACS患者中开展大规模的研究很有必要,也是当务之急。虽然抗栓药物的疗效和安全性尚有待探讨,但随着发病机制的进一步研究及新药的研发,该类患者的预后必将有所改善。
急性冠状动脉综合征;慢性肾功能不全;抗血小板治疗;抗凝血酶治疗
急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)是指由于冠状动脉不稳定斑块发生破裂、血栓形成,进而引起急性心肌缺血的一系列临床综合征。ACS是动脉粥样硬化病变在心脏血管的典型表现,动脉硬化作为一种全身性动脉系统疾病,常同时合并肾脏血管改变。慢性肾功能不全(CKD)是指肾脏结构及功能异常伴或不伴肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)降低持续超过3个月。ACS和CKD有着紧密联系,文献报道,肾功能不全患者中约有
46%患有缺血性心脏病,而50%的ACS患者患有或在病程中会出现肾功能不全[1]。多年来,合并CKD的ACS患者治疗一直是临床难点,对于抗栓药物在该类患者中的使用也存在争议。本文综述抗栓药物在合并CKD的ACS的最新应用进展。
Jurkovitz等[2]对13329例既往无冠心病病史的中年人(≤65岁)进行了长达9年的随访,研究表明,伴有贫血且肌酐水平较高的患者比肌酐正常者发生冠心病或急性心肌梗死(AMI)所致死亡的风险高。Hemmelgarn等[3]对10184例肾功能不全的老年患者(≥66岁)进行了研究,结果显示除了蛋白尿、糖尿病等因素外,GFR的显著降低是AMI发生的另一高危因素。此外,CKD患者还常并发多种与冠心病或ACS相关的高危因素,且贫血、GFR下降等CKD的原发表现亦与ACS的发生、进展相关。一项涉及14个国家、94家医院共纳入11774例ACS患者的
GRACE(The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events)研究显示[4],肾功能不全将增加ACS患者院内心血管事件及死亡风险。
CKD患者常并发肾功能不全、肾衰竭、出血等特殊代谢状态。因此,在合并CKD的ACS患者中开展介入治疗或药物治疗受到很大限制[5]。Shlipak等[6]研究表明,与肾功能正常的患者相比,中等程度的CKD患者在针对急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)的治疗期间,溶栓药物的使用剂量小,也较少使用阿司匹林、β受体阻滞剂等药物,且接受经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗的机会也较少。Reddan等[7]也认为,CKD患者较正常患者很少能应用合理药物治疗来降低心血管并发症的发生。以上研究结果可能与我们的认识有关:合并CKD的ACS患者,在应用阿司匹林、β受体阻滞剂、ACEI(angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors,ACEI)或其他抗凝药物及PCI治疗后,更容易发生造影剂肾病、原有肾功能不全加重或出血等并发症,而上述药物恰好是经过临床证实并可改善ACS患者预后的。
最新的美国ACC(American College of Cardiology,ACC)及AHA(American Heart Association)指南明确指出,对于合并CKD的ACS患者缺乏有效、大量的研究,因此没有推荐合适的治疗。在合并CKD的ACS患者中开展大规模的研究很有必要,也是当务之急[8]。
长期以来,抗栓治疗已成为临床ACS患者治疗的关键。抗栓治疗能阻碍非ST段抬高型ACS的血栓发展,避免心肌缺血、坏死;此外,抗栓治疗还可提高ST段抬高型心肌梗死相关动脉的再通率,减少责任血管再闭塞或再梗死的发生。因此,抗栓治疗可明显改善ACS患者的近期、远期预后,进而降低ACS患者的病死率。抗栓治疗的不良并发症包括增加合并CRF(Chronic Renal Failure)的ACS患者的出血率,而该并发症则容易导致血流动力学不稳定和急性多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)等。由于出血,可能在ACS的急性期需要停用抗栓药物,进而导致心血管事件的加重。所以,需根据患者具体情况作个体化抗栓治疗。
3.1 抗血小板治疗
3.1.1 阿司匹林 阿司匹林在合并CKD的ACS患者的疗效有目共睹。McCullough[9]等研究表明阿司匹林降低了入院患者64.3%~80.0%的死亡率,没有接受阿司匹林的患者更容易发生心力衰竭或心源性休克等事件。近期的一项针对595例ACS患者的回顾性研究发现,阿司匹林可以使GFR<60mL/min的ST段抬高型心肌梗死的发生率减低[10]。ACTION(A Coronary disease Trial Investigating Outcome with Nifedipine, GITS)的一项数据(19029例ST段抬高型AMI,30462例非ST段抬高型AMI)也表明,阿司匹林的减量与CKD的进一步恶化有关[11]。英国AIPRI (Angiotensin Inhibition and the Progression of Renal Insufficiency)的Ⅰ期试验及DOPPS(Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study)研究显示[12],使用小剂量(100mg/d)的阿司匹林与CKD患者出血并发症及病程进展无关。近期一项meta分析也表明[13],小剂量(75~160mg)与大剂量(325mg)阿司匹林对合并CKD或终末期肾病的冠心病患者二级预防疗效没有区别。
3.1.2 氯吡格雷 最新的ACC/AHA指南推荐在ACS患者中使用氯吡格雷[8],对肾功能不全患者服用氯吡格雷的剂量并没有特殊说明。CREDO(Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events during Observation)的亚组分析显示[13],肾功能正常的ACS患者经PCI治疗后并服用氯比格雷,1年内患者主要不良心血管事件的发生率明显降低。而合并轻、中度CRF的ACS患者行PCI后服用氯比格雷,1年内患者主要不良心血管事件未见明显减低,但出血率却有增加。CURE[14]的研究还显示,氯吡格雷和肾功能并没有因果关系。使用最低剂量的氯吡格雷并没有使患者获益,相反,患者小出血率及输血率明显增加。Deray[15]等比较了中至重度CKD患者使用75mg氯吡格雷的血小板抑制率,证明在两组中均达到了相似的血小板抑制效果。Park等[16]比较了正常人及CK患者使用75mg及150mg氯吡格雷的效果,结果显示,氯吡格雷对CKD患者的血小板抑制是减弱的。
3.1.3 普拉格雷 普拉格雷是第3代噻吩并吡啶类药物。Small等[17]在肾功能正常,中度肾功能不全及肾功能终末期的患者中进行了普拉格雷的药代动力学及药效学的比较。结果显示,虽然对血小板抑制水平相似,但普拉格雷在中度肾功能不全患者的活性代谢产物水平不受影响,而在终末期肾衰竭患者活性却减弱了40%。目前,还没有针对普拉格雷与CKD患者临床预后的研究。
3.1.4 替卡格雷 替卡格雷是更为有效的血小板抑制剂[18]。PLATO(a study of Platelet Inhibit and Patient Outcomes)的一项研究显示[19],CKD患者(GFR<60mL/min;n=3237)使用替卡格雷较氯吡格雷的心血管意外事件及死亡率均有明显下降。替卡格雷为合并CKD的ACS患者提供了另一种治疗选择。
3.1.5 糖蛋白IIb/IIIa抑制剂(Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors,GPIs)
3.1.5.1 阿昔单抗 糖蛋白IIb/IIIa抑制剂能阻断血小板聚集的最终通路。Frilling等[20]比较了阿昔单抗在正常人及CKD患者的疗效,两组患者有类似的临床预后,CKD患者大出血发生率较高,但小出血及血小板减少症的发生率相似。Mayo Clinic等[21]报道了类似的发现。最近,Pinkau等[22]评估了CKD患者接受PCI手术时,联合应用阿昔单抗、阿司匹林与氯吡格雷的效果。结果显示,阿昔单抗与肾功能及出血并发症之间没有明显关系。
3.1.5.2 替罗非班 PRISM-PLUS(Demographics of Patients With Diabetes Patients Without Patients With Diabetes Diabetes)的小样本分析显示,在进行心肌梗死溶栓(Thrombolysisin Myocardial Infarction,TIMI)时,大出血并发症的发生与肾功能不全或者替罗非班的使用没有明显关系。然而,TIMI时大、小出血合并发生率随着肾功能的恶化及替罗非班的使用是增加的。
CRUSADE(Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes)的研究表明[23],在患者中注射过量GPIs后,出血风险是增高的,并且随着肾功能的恶化进一步升高。该研究表明,使用GPIs前计算肌酐清除率是极其重要的,要根据患者具体情况实施个体化治疗。
3.2 抗凝血酶治疗
3.2.1 肝素 普通肝素可以减轻ACS患者(伴或不伴CKD)早期缺血事件的发生。透析患者体内低分子肝素的半衰期是健康人群的2倍。在肾功能不全患者,低分子肝素的清除率低于健康人群的1.9倍,半衰期则为健康人的1.7倍。一项回顾性研究显示[24],合并CKD的患者注射低分子肝素后,总出血率、大出血率及死亡率都是增高的。近期一项关于25例低分子肝素与AMI患者血栓再灌注的试验显示[27],肌酐清除率每分钟减弱30mL,大、小出血的风险便增加50%。
3.2.2 磺达肝癸钠 磺达肝癸钠是一种人工合成的可导致抗凝血酶结构不可逆转变的肝素类似物。ACC/AHA将其作为有出血高危因素的ACS患者的Ⅰ级推荐。OASIS-5(The Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Ischemic Syndromes)研究表明[25],磺达肝癸钠的抗凝效果优于低分子肝素(依诺肝素),且其出血并发症及死亡率均低于后者。OASIS-6试验评价了磺达肝癸钠在AMI治疗中的有效性及安全性[26],结果显示,磺达肝癸钠组的30d死亡率和心肌梗死率明显低于对照组,但在行PCI治疗的患者中,导管内血栓形成和并发症的发生率较高。
3.2.3 比乏卢定 比乏卢定是一人工合成的直接凝血酶抑制剂,其半衰期仅为25min[27]。ACUITY(Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy)一项针对CKD患者的研究显示[28],比乏卢定组的出血并发症比普通肝素加GPIs组少。然而,比乏卢定是全经肾清除的,肌酐清除率(Creatinine Clearance Rate,CCr)<30mL/min的患者不建议使用。
3.2.4 Xa因子抑制剂 目前,一些Xa因子抑制剂正在评估进入ACS患者的临床试验。达比加群是经FDA(Food and Drug Administration)批准的一种用于非瓣膜性房颤患者预防中风及栓塞的新型口服抗凝血药物,属非肽类的凝血酶抑制剂。达比加群在肾功能不全患者的半衰期是延长的,因此CrCl<30mL/min的患者限制使用[29]。该药治疗CKD的药效及安全性尚在评估中。
在ACS中,抗栓治疗处于十分重要的地位。但由于合并CKD的ACS患者常并发肾功能不全、出血及肾衰竭等特殊状态,因此抗栓药物用于该类患者的疗效及安全性尚有待探讨。之前所进行的试验多基于单中心研究或因果分析,没有获得能足以支持抗栓药物应用于合并CKD的ACS患者的数据。有必要继续进行大规模、多中心的临床试验以进一步评估这些药物用于患者的疗效及安全性。我们相信,随着合并CKD的ACS发病机制的进一步研究及新型抗栓药物的研发,该类患者的预后将会有所改善。
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There is a close relationship between acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and chronic kidney disease(CKD). About 46% of patients have ischemic heart disease in patients with CKD, while 50% of patients have or would have CKD in patients with ACS. The patients with CKD are more likely to suffer from special metabolic state, such as renal insufficiency, renal failure, higher risk of hemorrhage. Therefore, the interventional therapy and drug therapy is largely limited once get with ACS. In the past years, it is diffcult to treat ACS patients with CKD and controversial for the use of antithrombotic drugs in these patients. It is necessary and urgent for us to do related researchs in ACS patients with CKD. The efficacy and safety of antithrombotic drugs remains to be discussed, but the prognosis of the patients will be improved as the further study of mechanism and the development of new drugs.
Acute coronary syndrome; Chronic kidney disease; Antiplatelet therapy; Antithrombotic therapy
10.3969/j.issn.1009-4393.2015.18.005
黑龙江 154000 佳木斯大学附属第一医院循环二科 (刘万洋 张丽)
张丽 E-mail:gaodandansmile@126.com