内镜超声在早期食管癌诊断和治疗中的应用

2015-03-19 18:24刘宇亭李兆申
胃肠病学 2015年8期

刘宇亭 徐 灿 李兆申

第二军医大学附属长海医院消化内科(200433)

内镜超声在早期食管癌诊断和治疗中的应用

刘宇亭徐灿李兆申*

第二军医大学附属长海医院消化内科(200433)

早期食管癌是指来源于黏膜层和黏膜下层无淋巴结转移的食管癌,一般无明显临床症状,多在内镜检查或体检时发现。当前以内镜下治疗为主,包括内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)和内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD),术后5年生存率可达90%以上。一旦患者出现症状,则多伴局部淋巴结转移,治疗效果欠佳,此时术后5年生存率降至27.0%~43.6%[1]。因此,早期诊断、早期治疗对提高患者生存率尤为关键。

随着内镜技术的发展,尤其是内镜超声(EUS)技术日益成熟,使早期食管癌的检出率大幅提高。EUS是集超声和内镜为一体的检查手段,弥补了普通内镜无法探及病变浸润深度以及无法了解淋巴结转移情况的缺陷。EUS下早期食管癌的图像表现为管壁黏膜层增厚、层次紊乱、中断以及各层次分界消失、较小的不规则低回声影[2]。EUS引导下细针穿刺活检术(EUS-FNA)对诊断局部淋巴结转移的敏感性和特异性均较高。本文就 EUS在早期食管癌诊断和治疗中的应用作一综述。

一、早期食管癌术前分期

正确的TNM分期与治疗方案的选择、预后评估以及放化疗疗效的预测均密切相关,早期食管癌若局限于黏膜层和黏膜下层,多选择EMR或ESD,否则多以外科手术结合放化疗为主。EMR具有诊断和治疗的双重作用,术后可从病变标本中检查肿瘤浸润深度以及切除是否彻底,主要适用于黏膜内癌,最佳部位是食管中下段后侧壁,其适应证较为相对。随着设备改进以及经验积累,EMR治疗范围可拓宽。黏膜下癌是EMR的禁忌证,而ESD扩大了EMR的适应证范围,具有较高的整块切除率,可减少病灶残留和复发,达到对早期消化道肿瘤根治性切除[3]。EUS-FNA可对可疑病变进行穿刺活检,获得组织学依据,有助于对疾病分期的判断。

1. EUS在早期食管癌术前分期中的应用:食管癌TNM分期是评价预后的重要指标,EUS可显示食管壁黏膜层、黏膜肌层、黏膜下层、固有肌层、外膜层五层结构。早期食管癌在EUS下的典型表现为局限于黏膜层且不超过黏膜下层的低回声病灶。EUS亦可清晰显示大部分纵隔淋巴结、腹腔淋巴结。因此,EUS在食管癌T、N分期中扮演重要角色,主要用于确定肿瘤浸润深度以及有无淋巴结转移。EUS通过显示食管壁的层次结构判断食管原发肿瘤的浸润深度,对食管癌T分期的准确性可达79%~92%[4-5]。EUS下食管癌T分期可概括为Tx期:原发肿瘤无法评价;T0期:无原发肿瘤证据;Tis期:原位癌;T1期:肿瘤侵及黏膜层或部分黏膜下层;T2期:肿瘤侵及固有肌层;T3期:肿瘤侵及浆膜层,累及食管全层;T4期:肿瘤侵及食管壁全层并突破食管外膜,侵犯主动脉,管壁外周可见肿大淋巴结[6]。

van Vliet等[7]的研究指出,EUS检测食管癌腹腔淋巴结转移的敏感性和特异性分别为85%和96%,诊断标准为直径大于1 cm的类圆形低回声,边缘锐利。当EUS发现局部淋巴结肿大时,应行FNA确诊。EUS和CT均可用于腹部淋巴结检查,EUS主要探查有无腹腔淋巴结转移,CT可用于检查有无其他腹部淋巴结转移。与CT和PET-CT相比,EUS诊断淋巴结转移的敏感性具有显著优势,但特异性相对不足[8-9]。由于超声波穿透力有限,EUS对食管癌远处转移的检测作用有限,此时应选CT、MR或PET-CT等影像学检查。但EUS能测及肝左叶不足1 cm的微小转移灶以及腹腔干淋巴结,并可进行穿刺活检,因此在食管癌远处转移的评价中亦具有独特作用。

行EUS检查时同步行EUS-FNA被越来越多的医师所亲睐,其优势在于行常规EUS的同时可获取可疑病灶的组织病理学标本,以明确肿大淋巴结是否为肿瘤侵犯。判断N分期时,EUS-FNA结果优于普通EUS检查,在已行EUS-FNA的基础上再行PET-CT并不能进一步提高N分期的准确性[10-12]。但需注意的是,EUS-FNA具有一定的假阴性率。

2. EUS与CT和PET-CT在术前分期中的比较:对于食管病变侵犯深度和周围淋巴结转移的判断,EUS的准确率优于CT,可达80%~90%[13]。但除腹腔干周围淋巴结外,EUS诊断远处转移的敏感性较差。一般认为,CT、MR、PET-CT对于肿瘤早期诊断意义不大。在N分期方面,EUS优于PET-CT[14-16],后者评估淋巴结转移的准确性不高,如淋巴结紧邻高代谢的肿瘤实质时,PET-CT易漏诊,且不能用于检测微 小病变,但诊断远处转移的准确性较高[7,17]。Keswani等[6]的研究显示,在92例食管癌患者中,经EUS确诊腹腔淋巴结转移17例,其中7例经EUS-FNA证实肿瘤淋巴结浸润,仅2例经PET-CT确诊腹腔淋巴结转移。一项系统性回顾[18]显示,PET-CT对食管癌局部转移的敏感性和特异性均一般,而对远处转移的敏感性和特异性较理想。因此,对于高度怀疑远处转移的患者应首选PET-CT检查。然而,PET-CT的空间分辨率较低,限制了对较小淋巴结的检测。另一项研究[19]显示,通过EUS检查发现局部纵隔淋巴结转移的大部分食管癌患者,经PET-CT扫描后证实仅一小部分有淋巴结转移,因此尚未明确是否将PET-CT作为常规检查[6]。在N分期中,PET-CT仅推荐用于不能完成EUS检查的患者。

Lowe等[16]对75例新发食管癌患者进行分析研究,对比EUS、CT、PET-CT在食管癌分期中的诊断价值,结果显示在T分期中,EUS的准确率为71%,相比CT、PET-CT的43%具有明显优势。对于淋巴结转移,三者的敏感性和特异性相似,而对于远处转移,PET-CT的优势更为明显。然而,亦有报道[20-21]指出,对于淋巴结转移,EUS的敏感性和准确性显著高于CT和PET-CT。由此可见,EUS、CT、PET-CT在诊断食管癌分期中扮演不同角色,各有优势,不能相互替代,在临床中应将其结合应用。同样,三种方法亦有缺陷,如EUS仅能发现位于食管或胃壁附近的肿大淋巴结,不易发现远处淋巴结或器官转移[22];CT不能探测及正常大小的淋巴结,且不能鉴别肿大淋巴结是肿瘤转移亦或炎性增大;PET-CT对直径小于1 cm的病灶可能漏诊[20]。在食管癌早期诊断中是否推荐PET-CT尚未明确,尽管PET-CT是确诊远处转移的最佳非侵入性检查,但研究[23]显示仅有少数食管癌患者可经PET-CT确诊远处转移。Feith等[24]的研究显示,经PET-CT确诊的远处转移患者在行EUS检查时均发现有淋巴结转移。研究[6,25]认为,EUS可应用于所有食管癌患者,而PET-CT可用于已确诊有淋巴结浸润或无法进行EUS检查的患者。

二、EUS在早期食管癌评估中的可靠性和争议

EUS评估早期食管癌的可靠性与病变类型、位置、术者经验、超声探头频率以及其他影像学辅助检查有关,病例异质性亦可造成EUS评估差异。He等[26]的研究显示,EUS诊断食管癌的准确性与病变的部位和长度密切相关。Thosani等[27]指出,采用高频率小探头时,EUS的敏感性、特异性、阳性似然比、阴性似然比以及诊断比值比更高。此外,Young 等[28]的研究显示,在Barrett食管患者中,EUS对早癌和高级别瘤变T分期的准确性仅为65%。EUS对不同部位病变检查的准确性亦不相同,Chemaly等[29]的研究显示,病变位于食管近段和中段时,EUS分期的准确性为87.1%,而位于食管远端时则为47.6%,此反映了EUS在临床应用中的局限性。Young等[28]的研究表明,对于高级别瘤变以及黏膜内腺癌的T分期,EUS的准确性较欠缺,需进一步行EMR获取病理组织确诊。研究[26,28]显示,EUS诊断T分期的亚型分期(如T1、T2)的准确性仅为70%,进一步提示EUS并非高级别瘤变和黏膜内腺癌的必需检查,甚至有误诊倾向。但有研究者[30-31]提出,EMR可用于早期Barrett相关食管腺癌的临床分期和治疗。

尽管EUS在食管癌治疗方式的选择中发挥重要作用,但一些研究[29,32-35]亦提出其并非是诊断黏膜以及黏膜下病变的最佳选择,而诊断性内镜下切除术(ER)才是早癌术前检查的最佳手段,其可提供大块完整组织,从而得到准确的组织病理学诊断。由于ER比EUS能提供更准确的组织学信息,因此对早期食管癌行EUS检查的必要性亦存在一定争议[28,36]。此外,食管切除术仍是大多数早期食管癌患者的标准治疗方案[37]。

三、结语

EUS已广泛应用于早期食管癌的诊断、分期以及手术方式选择等多个环节,如根据T分期,若病变局限于黏膜层和黏膜下层,多选择EMR或ESD,其余则多以外科手术结合放化疗为主。在N分期中,应结合CT和PET-CT判断有无局部和远处淋巴结转移,必要时结合FNA以获取组织学标本。EUS对早期食管癌的T分期以及局部淋巴结转移的诊断优于CT和PET-CT,而后者对远处转移的敏感性和特异性均高于EUS,三种检查扮演着不同角色,必要时应联合应用。目前,EUS对于早期食管癌的诊断价值尚存争议,因此,在肯定EUS作用的同时,临床医师应注意EUS对不同肿瘤类型、病灶部位检查的局限性。此外,在临床应用中,EUS的诊断效率与医疗中心的规模、实施EUS检查的数量以及术者经验等因素密切相关。

四、展望

由于准确的TNM分期对食管癌治疗方式的选择至关重要,因此如何提高EUS对食管癌分期的准确性是当前面临的一项主要挑战,而EUS-FNA亦已成为提高诊断淋巴结转移的特异性和准确性的有效手段。随着对早期食管癌诊断和治疗的不断认识、诊治技术的不断发展以及内镜医师技术水平的不断提高。相信不久的将来,食管癌早期诊断、早期治疗水平会得到显著提高。

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摘要早期食管癌是指来源于黏膜层和黏膜下层无淋巴结转移的食管癌,一般无明显临床症状,多在内镜检查或体检时发现。早期食管癌以内镜下治疗为主,术后5年生存率可达90%以上。一旦患者出现症状,则多伴局部淋巴结转移,治疗效果欠佳,5年生存率显著降低。因此,食管癌的早期诊断、早期治疗对于提高患者生存率至关重要。随着内镜技术的发展,尤其是内镜超声(EUS)的日益成熟,使早期食管癌的检出率大幅提高。此外,EUS亦在早期食管癌术前分期中扮演重要角色。本文就 EUS在早期食管癌诊断和治疗中的应用作一综述。

关键词食管肿瘤;腔内超声检查;肿瘤分期;内镜治疗

Application of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Esophageal CancerLIUYuting,XUCan,LIZhaoshen.DepartmentofGastroenterology,ChanghaiHospital,theSecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai(200433)

Correspondence to: LI Zhaoshen, Email: zhsli@81890.net

AbstractEarly esophageal cancer is derived from mucosa and submucosa without lymph node metastasis. They are detected generally during endoscopy or physical examination without clinical symptoms. Main treatment of early esophageal cancer is endoscopic resection, and the 5-year survival rate is over 90%. Once symptoms occur, local lymph node metastasis is often present and the prognosis is poor with a markedly reduced 5-year survival rate. Thus it is vital to diagnose and treat esophageal cancer at an early stage. With the development of endoscopic techniques, especially the proficiency of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), the detection rate of early esophageal cancer has been increased greatly. EUS also plays an important role in the staging of early esophageal cancer. This article reviewed the application of EUS in diagnosis and treatment of early esophageal cancer.

Key wordsEsophageal Neoplasms;Endosonography;Neoplasm Staging;Endoscopic Therapy

通信作者*本文,Email: zhsli@81890.net

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2015.08.011