刘定益 俞家顺 王 健 唐 崎 周燕峰 李文敏 张金根 陈荣国 叶 青
(上海市浦南医院泌尿外科,上海 200125)
·临床论著·
输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石1015例疗效分析*
刘定益**俞家顺 王 健 唐 崎 周燕峰 李文敏 张金根 陈荣国 叶 青
(上海市浦南医院泌尿外科,上海 200125)
目的 总结输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗1015例输尿管结石的临床体会。 方法 2004年11月~2013年12月采用输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管结石1015例,680例输尿管中下段结石仅用输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石,在335例输尿管上段结石中,对前期186例碎石中漂入肾盂内结石或>6 mm碎石同期用输尿管软镜碎石或分期ESWL,后期146例应用NTrap网蓝预防输尿管上段结石漂入肾盂,当有结石或>6 mm碎石漂入肾盂时同期用输尿管软镜或分期ESWL碎石。结果 输尿管中下段结石碎石成功率97.5%(663/680)。输尿管上段结石单纯输尿管镜钬激光碎石成功率60.2%(112/186);对漂入肾盂结石或碎石同期应用输尿管软镜碎石,碎石成功率88.2%(164/186);输尿管硬镜钬激光碎石前辅以NTrap网篮成功碎石率89.9%(134/149)。进镜失败6例,输尿管穿孔3例,假道7例,输尿管撕脱1例,尿脓毒血症2例,肾周血肿1例。756例(输尿管上段结石255例,下段结石501例)随访6~12个月,临床症状均消失,B超复查190例,肾盂、肾盏扩张消失176例,明显好转14例,无结石复发,其中24例漂入肾盂≤6 mm碎石,经药物治疗排出碎石5例,19例无变化。结论 输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗输尿管中下段结石安全、有效,对输尿管上段结石辅以NTrap网篮或输尿管软镜有助于提高成功碎石率。
输尿管结石; 输尿管镜; 钬激光
输尿管结石的治疗方法有药物治疗、体外冲击波碎石(extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL)、输尿管镜碎石(ureteroscopic lithotripsy, URL)、腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石和开放手术取石,上述方法各有利弊。随着输尿管镜及配套设备的不断改进,输尿管镜和钬激光在治疗输尿管结石方面发挥愈来愈重要的作用。本文总结2004年11月~2013年12月应用输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石1015例,分析URL在治疗输尿管不同部位结石的效果和注意事项。
1.1 一般资料
本组1015例,男603例,女412例。年龄17~82岁,平均36.5岁。有腰背部间断或持续性绞痛或胀痛史902例,肉眼血尿13例,脓肾伴发热12例,其他疾病或体检偶然发现结石88例。输尿管结石位于左侧646例, 右侧360例,双侧输尿管结石9例,其中孤立肾5例。结石位于输尿管上段和中下段分别为335、680例。结石均经B超、KUB和IVU或B超和 CTU证实,结石横径5~15 mm,长径6~22 mm。均有不同程度肾积水,其中重度、中度和轻度肾积水分别为28、475、512例。合并输尿管<1 cm 狭窄 11例,结石下方合并炎性息肉161例,13例IVU患侧不显影者行同位素扫描,患侧GFR≥20 ml/min。109例有≥1次ESWL治疗失败史,21例有输尿管切开取石史。
病例选择标准:输尿管结石>6 mm,合并肾盂积水且药物治疗无效者,排除尿道严重狭窄者,严重髋关节畸形或前列腺明显肿大者。
1.2 方法
术前要求尿常规正常,尿细菌培养阴性。脓肾者先行B超引导下经皮肾穿刺引流,待体温正常7 d后行URL。腰麻联合硬脊膜外腔阻滞麻醉。Olympus F6.9/7.8半硬输尿管镜或Wolf8.0/9.8输尿管硬镜,美国科医人Power Suite 20 W或100 W钬激光仪,能量设定0.8~1.5 J/8~12 Hz碎石[1~3]。若炎性息肉包裹结石,先钬激光汽化影响观察结石的部分息肉,待完全击碎结石后再汽化明显凸入输尿管腔内的息肉,注意对息肉基底不做广泛汽化[4]。若结石或>6 mm碎石漂入肾盂,同期用Storz F7.5/8.4或Olympus F6.8/8.4输尿管软镜碎石或分期ESWL[1]。对孤立肾或双侧输尿管结石无尿者行急诊碎石或放置双J管后分期碎石;双侧输尿管结石成功一侧碎石后2周再行另一侧碎石。为提高URL治疗输尿管上段结石疗效,自2009年起我们对149例输尿管上段结石URL前辅以NTrap网篮。术后放双J管2~6周[2,5,6]。
1.3 成功碎石标准
术后2周~3个月B超、KUB或CT随访:一期术后结石消失或结石碎片≤4 mm且无临床症状为成功碎石[1,6]。
335例输尿管上段结石:前期186例单纯URL碎石成功碎石112例;对漂入肾盂结石或> 6 mm碎石63例辅以输尿管软镜碎石,成功碎石52例,11例> 6 mm碎石1次ESWL成功碎石;5例≤6 mm碎石给予药物治疗;进镜失败3例和输尿管穿孔2例,均经开放手术治愈;输尿管高位撕脱1例,行输尿管端端吻合,大网膜包裹输尿管,术后3个月CTU示输尿管长段狭窄,患肾GFR 43 ml/min,行回肠代输尿管,术后15个月CTU示患侧肾功能、形态正常。后期149例中,成功碎石134例,5例漂移结石或>6 mm碎石辅以输尿管软镜成功碎石,5例>6 mm结石或碎石(包括1例穿孔后放置双J 管)经1次ESWL成功碎石,5例≤6 mm 碎石给予药物治疗。680例输尿管中下段结石:成功碎石663例,14例原位残留或漂移≤6 mm碎石给予药物治疗,3例进镜失败分期行ESWL成功碎石。具体情况见表1。
术后血尿1~7 d 自然消失;42例术后发热≥ 38.0 ℃和2例尿脓毒血症经抗感染治愈;7例假道术中放置双J 管,术后3~6个月CTU 随访正常;1例肾周血肿术后4 个月完全吸收。具体情况见表1。
756例(输尿管上段结石255例,下段结石501例)随访6~12个月,临床症状均消失,B超复查190例,肾盂、肾盏扩张消失176例,明显好转14例,无结石复发,其中24例漂入肾盂≤6 mm碎石,经药物治疗排出碎石5例,19例无变化。
表1 1015例URL结果
*URL 186例中对63例> 6 mm漂移结石或碎石辅以输尿管软镜碎石,碎石成功52例
3.1 输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石的疗效
3.1.1 输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管中下段结石的疗效 URL治疗输尿管中下段结石680例,3例进镜失败,1例为输尿管壁间段1.5 cm结石,结石处膀胱黏膜高度水肿隆起,输尿管开口与膀胱颈口呈90°,无法看见输尿管开口,后期遇类似情况4例,我们利用等离子棒状电极或钬激光沿输尿管走向切开7 mm左右输尿管膀胱壁间段,显露输尿管结石后行钬激光碎石,经6个月以上随访无膀胱输尿管返流发生;另2例进镜失败是因为输尿管内腔小,Olympus F6.9/7.8半硬输尿管镜进入输尿管下段受阻,输尿管黏膜苍白,缺乏弹性,沿导丝放入F5双J管后改为ESWL治疗。12例4~6 mm碎石漂入肾盂;URL后原位残留5~6 mm碎石2例,因碎石后未行进一步用输尿管镜原位复查而遗漏,均给予药物治疗。成功碎石97.5%(663/680),高于欧洲泌尿外科学会指南报道ESWL治疗输尿管中、下段结石清除率为73%和74%[6]。我们体会URL是一种并发症少,一步到位治疗输尿管中下段结石的微创方法。
3.1.2 输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效 影响URL治疗输尿管上段结石疗效最大原因是结石或碎石漂移入肾盂,结石漂移到肾盂的几率取决于灌注压力,结石位置,碎石能量类型,结石上段输尿管扩张程度,其中以结石近肾盂输尿管交界处最容易在碎石过程中漂入肾盂,机率达5%~40%[3,6,7]。通常URL治疗输尿管上段结石成功碎石为43.9%~70%,>1 cm结石成功碎石为28%~60%[8]。在前期我们单用URL治疗186例输尿管上段结石中,尽管采用抬高患者上半身,减缓冲洗速度,安置高频低能量钬激光,将光纤把结石压在输尿管壁上碎石等措施[1,3,6,9~11],仍有36.5%(68/186)的结石或>6 mm碎石被冲入肾盂,其中63例同期行输尿管软镜碎石,成功52例,11例>6 mm碎石经1次ESWL成功碎石。为进一步提高URL治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效,我们在后期URL治疗149例输尿管上段结石中应用NTrup网篮,成功碎石89.9%(134/149),与前期URL同期用输尿管软镜碎石成功率88.2%(164/186)相似。由于输尿管软镜昂贵,易损,使用寿命短,使用6~15次,累计手术时间3~12.8 h需要维修1次,维修成本高,维修周期也长[1,12],我们建议为提高URL对输尿管上段结石的碎石成功率,如无输尿管软镜或为减少输尿管软镜的应用,最好在URL前预置NTrap网篮。本组对URL中应用NTrap或结合输尿管软镜碎石后对> 6 mm碎石进行分期ESWL, 均1次ESWL完全碎石。文献[7]报道ESWL治疗输尿管上段> 1 cm结石成功碎石率仅为55%~79%,本组输尿管上段结石应用URL同期应用输尿管软镜碎石,再辅以分期1次ESWL处理漂入肾盂内结石或> 6 mm碎石,成功碎石率为94.1%(175/186)。URL中应用NTrap网篮同期辅以输尿管软镜,结合分期1次ESWL,碎石成功率为96.6%(144/149),远高于采用单一ESWL方法碎石成功率,原因归于3个方面:①输尿管结石周围缺少一个有利于结石粉碎的水环境,当结石或碎石被冲入肾盂,可避免结石与输尿管之间缺乏间隙,以至于ESWL后碎石在输尿管内不能充分散开,使后续波发生折射而影响碎石效果[6,13];②大部分结石经URL后结石体积已变小;③URL去除结石下方炎性息肉的梗阻影响,有利于碎石的排出[4]。
3.2 输尿管镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石的并发症
URL并发症发生率与术者水平,设备和病人条件相关,URL并发症发生率为5%~9%,严重并发0.6%~1%[6,14]。
3.2.1 血尿 本组均有不同程度肉眼血尿,这与扩张输尿管、气化输尿管炎性息肉或碎石引起输尿管黏膜损伤出血有关,本组除1例URL术后7 d尿色自然转清外,余病例无须特殊处理均在URL术后1~5 d尿色自然转清。
3.2.2 感染 本组12例脓肾先行经皮肾穿刺引流,待体温正常7 d后再行URL,术后无明显发热,这与术前肾盂引流,控制感染,降低肾盂内压力相关。本组URL后体温≥38.0 ℃ 42例,经2~5 d抗生素治疗体温恢复正常。尿脓血症2例,均发生在2例女性输尿管中段结石患者,手术过程顺利,术后KUB复查双J管位置良好,2例尿脓血症发生可能与术前未能控制感染或粉碎感染性结石和术中灌注压力过高有关,由于发现和处理及时,2例术后恢复顺利。
3.2.3 输尿管穿孔 URL中输尿管穿孔发生率为1.0%~11.2%[14,15]。Alapont Alacreu等[14]报道68%的穿孔发生在>10 mm结石的碎石术中。Tuqcu等[16]认为≥1 cm结石易导致手术时间延长,从而增加穿孔发生率。本组3例穿孔均发生在输尿管上段>1 cm嵌顿性结石,2例由于结石嵌顿造成输尿管扩张下移,使输尿管呈N形,即使术中采用Mertz手法和Trendlenbung体位也难以拉直N形输尿管[1],导丝和输尿管镜无法接近结石,强行推镜形成穿孔;1例系嵌顿输尿管结石处黏膜高度水肿,操作碎石时间过长所致。以后我们遇到类似输尿管上段大结石伴N形弯曲患者,采用微创经皮肾镜或经后腹腔镜取石术,无一例类似情况发生。我们建议对术前影像学证实严重N形弯曲输尿管患者最好不采用URL。
3.2.4 假道 本组发生黏膜下假道7例,均发生在嵌顿结石,结石处黏膜水肿和炎性息肉形成。2例因强行推进导丝,5例因强行推进NTrap网篮造成,导丝或Ntrap网篮在结石旁进入水肿黏膜下层,再从结石上方穿入正常输尿管腔,均于碎石术中发现,及时收紧NTrap网管后退出或退出导丝,将导丝重新放入正常输尿管腔,URL后置入双J管。本组7例由于术中发现未造成大片输尿管黏膜损伤,术后3~6个月随访无不良后果。如遇严重嵌顿结石,推入导丝有困难时,可先击碎部分结石后再安放导丝或NTrap网篮可避免假道形成。
3.2.5 输尿管撕脱 输尿管撕脱是URL中最严重的并发症。Johnson等[15]报道5117例URL中发生17例(0.3%)。本组1例输尿管上段1.5 cm结石的男性患者发生输尿管撕脱,在URL中Wolf F8/9.8输尿管镜进镜时手感较紧,碎石移位后视野不清,又多次伸入寻找结石,造成输尿管黏膜水肿,引起输尿管膀胱壁间段嵌顿,拔镜时造成输尿管撕脱。我们体会对进镜手感较紧者不应强行多次用输尿管镜深入寻找碎石,当退镜困难时应充分镇痛,向输尿管腔内注入1%利多卡因,待痉挛或嵌顿缓解后,再试行Z字形退镜,如果退镜仍有困难,最好开放手术协助拔镜来避免输尿管撕脱。对个体差异输尿管管腔特细患者,当F6.9/7.8细输尿管镜难以置入时,最好置入双J管后分期URL或改用其他方式处理结石,以避免强行入镜造成输尿管撕裂或撕脱或URL后期的长段输尿管狭窄。
综上所述,URL治疗输尿管中下段结石安全、有效,而对输尿管上段结石时辅以NTrap网篮或输尿管软镜将有助于提高碎石成功率。
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(修回日期:2015-03-10)
(责任编辑:李贺琼)
Therapeutic Effects of Transurethral Holium Laser Lithotripsy for Ureteric Stones: a Report of 1015 Cases
LiuDingyi,YuJiashun,WangJian,etal.
DepartmentofUrology,ShanghaiPunanHospital,Shanghai200125,China
Correspondingauthor:LiuDingyi,E-mail:doctorldy@163.com
Objective To summarize the experience of ureteroscopic holium laser lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteric stones. Methods We analyzed retrospectively a series of 1015 patients with ureteral stones who underwent ureteroscpic lithotripsy from November 2004 to December 2013. Among them, 680 patients with lower and middle ureteral stones were treated by holium laser lithotripsy through a rigid urteroscopy. While for the 335 patients with upper ureteral stones, fexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy or staged ESWL was used for stones escaped into the renal pelvis or > 6 mm in 186 patients during initial period and the NTrap baskets were additionally applied for prevention of stones entering the renal pelvis in the remaining 146 patients during the later period. ResultsThe stone-free rate was 97.5% (663/680) in patients with middle and lower ureteric stones and was 60.2% (112/186) in patients with upper ureteric stones. In patients with stones entering the renal pelvis or undergoing fexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy, the stone-free rate was 88.2 % (164/186). In patients receiving NTrap basket indwelling before the transurethral holium laser lithotripsy, the stone-free rate was 89.9% (134/149). There were 6 cases of failed inserting ureteroscope, 3 cases of ureter perforation, 7 cases of pseudocanal, 1 case of avulsion of ureter, 2 cases of urinary sepsis, and 1 case of perirenal hematoma. Follow-up examinations for 6-12 months in 756 cases (including 255 cases of upper urteral stones and 501 cases of lower Ureteral stones) showed disappearance of clinical symptoms. B-ultrasonography in 190 cases showed disappearance of dilatation of renal pelvis and calices in 176 cases and significant improvement in 14 cases. No recurrence happened. There were 24 cases of fragment ≤ 6 mm entering the renal pelvis, 5 of which were cured with drug administration and 19 of which were noted no changes. Conclusions Holium laser lithotripsy via ureteroscope is an effective and safe minimal invasive surgery for the treatment of lower and middle ureteric stones. The stone-free rate is relatively high in patients with upper ureteric stones, if NTrap basket or flexible ureteroscopy is additionally utilized.
Ureteral calculi; Ureteroscope; Holmium laser
上海市浦东新区科委科技发展基金创新资助(基金编号:PKJ2013-y34);上海市浦东新区卫生系统重点学科建设资助(基金编号:PWZX2014-19)
R693+.4
A
1009-6604(2015)08-0695-04
10.3969/j.issn.1009-6604.2015.08.007
2015-01-16)
** 通讯作者,E-mail:doctorldy@163.com