中考英语热点考点归纳总结(五)

2015-03-11 21:10
中学生英语·中考指导版 2014年11期
关键词:定语副词宾语

1. provide与offer

(1) provide作动词,意为“提供;配备;供给”。与supply用法相似。provide / supply sb. / someplace with sth. 或provide sth. for sb. / someplace。

例如:

On Sundays his landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.

Somehow she managed to provide her children with food and clothing.

(2) offer作动词,意为“给予;提供;拿出;出示;提议”。offer sb. sth. 或offer sth. to sb.。

offer还可作名词,意为“提议;出价,开价;试图;求婚”。

例如:

He offered me a glass of wine.

They offered to help me.

He offered to lend me some books.

【中考链接】

—Im going to the supermarket. Let me get you some fruit.

—OK. Thanks for your _______. (2011湖北武汉)

A. offer B. information

C. message D. order

【答案】A

【解析】 考查名词辨析。句意:“——我打算去超市,让我给你买些水果吧。——好的,谢谢你的提议(帮助)。”offer“提议”;information“消息,信息”;message“消息,口信”;order“命令;定单”。

2. want, wish, hope和expect

这四个动词都可以表示愿望,意为“想要;希望;期望”等,但它们的用法有所不同。

(1) want较为口语化,表达迫切的愿望。常用于下面结构中:

① want + n. / pron. 意为“想要某物”。

例如:

I want a new pen.

② want + to do sth. 意为“想要做某事”。

例如:

I want to buy a bike.

③ want + sb. to do sth. 意为“想要某人做某事”。

例如:

The teacher wants us to clean the classroom.

(2) wish表示客观上不太可能实现的希望或表示祝愿。常用于下面结构中:

① wish + to do sth. 意为“希望做某事”。

例如:

I wish to visit America some day.

② wish + sb. to do sth. 意为“希望某人做某事”。

例如:

His parents wish him to be a scientist in the future.

③ wish + sb. + n. / adj. 意为“祝愿某人……”。

例如:

I wish you success!

I wish you happiness!

(3) hope强调主观上的“希望”。

① hope + to do sth. 意为“希望做某事” 。

例如:

We hope to visit Yanan soon.

② hope + that从句,意为“希望……”。

例如:

Our foreign friends hope that they can join in the May Day celebrations in Beijing.

注意:不能说hope sb. to do sth.

(4) expect强调客观上可能实现的“期望”,“期待”等。

① expect + n. / pron. 意为“盼望或期待某物”,强调心理上的一种期盼、等待,而wait强调具体在某时、某地等待某人或某事。

例如:

He is expecting her letter.

Dont expect too much of him.

② expect + to do. sth. “期望做某事”。

例如:

She expects to go there next week.

③ expect + sb. to do sth. 意为“盼望某人做某事”。

例如:

He expects you to finish the work on time.

④ expect + that从句,意为“期望/期待……”。

例如:

I expected that he would realize his mistake one day.

【中考链接】

Mary is tired of learning because she is _______ to do better than she can, both at school and at home. (2011山东菏泽)endprint

A. thought B. expected

C. hoped D. helped

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。句意:玛丽疲于学习,因为她在家里和学校都被期待着做得更好。因为hope sb. to do sth.不正确,也无此类被动语态。故选B。

3. fix, repair和mend

这三个动词都可以用来表示“修理”某一事物,使其能恢复到原来的形状或状态的意思。

(1) fix用于需要重新“调整”物体的结构,把松散的部件固定结实,将分离的物体各部分装配起来。

fix up安排;修理;安顿;为(某人)提供

例如:

Lets fix up to have a picnic together. 我们一起来安排一次野餐。

(2) 动词repair“修理”的对象多为破损、毁坏或发生故障不能正常使用的物体。

例如:

When I got home, my brother was repairing his radio.

(3) 动词mend“修理”的对象多是一些琐碎的物品。如粘贴的小用品、玩具,要缝补的衣物等。

例如:

My kite is broken. Can you mend it for me? 我的风筝坏了。你能为我修一下吗?

【中考链接】

We shouldnt _______ our hopes. Everything will be better. (2011梧州)

A. put up B. cheer up

C. fix up D. give up

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。题意为 “我们不能放弃希望”。put up“举起来;张贴;悬挂”;cheer up“使……振奋”;fix up“修理”;give up“放弃”。

4. embarrassed

作形容词用时意为“局促不安的;为难的;尴尬的;窘迫的”。

作动词用时意为“(使)窘迫,(使)局促不安”。

例如:

We have nothing to be embarrassed about.

我们没什么好难为情的。

【中考链接】

—I wore sports shoes to the ball yesterday evening by mistake!

—Oh, dear, you must be very _____ at the ball!(2011湖北武汉)

A. embarrassed B. satisfied

C. tired D. surprised

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词辨析。穿运动鞋去参加舞会,当然会感到尴尬(embarrassed)。

5. experience

(1) experience用作名词。

① 当experience表示经验时,是不可数名词。

例如:

She had no experience of life at all.

Have you had any experience of teaching English?

② 当experience表示体验、经历时,是可数名词。

例如:

an unforgettable experience 一次难忘的经历

Please tell us about your experiences in Africa. 请告诉我们你在非洲的经历吧。

I had a rather odd experience several days ago. 几天前我有过一次相当古怪的经历。

(2) experience用作动词时,意为“经历;体验;感受;遭受”。

例如:

The city experienced over 2,000 such incidents last year.

He experienced a pang of sadness.

【中考链接】

—Mr Li was sent to teach Chinese in an American high school last year.

—Yes, I know. He told me he would never forget his pleasant _____ while working there. (2012江苏镇江)

A. experiments B. expressions

C. experiences D. explorations

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词的辨析。experiment意为“实验”,expression意为“表达;表情”,experience意为“经验;经历”,exploration意为“探险”。根据句意“他说他将永不会忘记在那里工作的美好的经历”,故答案选C。

1. set up, build, found和put up

(1) set up

设立;竖立;架起;升起;装配;创造(纪录);创办(公司);建立(事业);成立(组织)。endprint

例如:

set up a bank / set up a help center

The new hospital was set up in 2000.

(2) build (built, building)

v. 建造(模型船);建筑;造(房子)。

n. 构造;体格,体形。

例如:

He built a model ship out of wood.

The Crystal Palace was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851.

The ancient temple was built of wood.

Li Hua is of medium build.

(3) found

表示“建立”或“成立”,所建立的只是初步的,仍有待于进一步地发展和完善。

(4) put up

举起;抬起;张开(伞);举起手来;张贴;公布。

例如:

Put up a tent.

Put your hands up!Put them up!

【中考链接】

On October 15th, 2003 China _______ its second lunar orbiter Change 2. (2011新疆阜康)

A. set out B. set off

C. sent up D. sent out

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词短语辨析。set out意为“开始;着手;打算”;set off意为“出发;动身”;send up意为“发射;发出”;send out意为“发送;派遣”。故选C。

2. break out, break in, break into, break away from, break down, break through, break up和break off

(1) break out意为“爆发”,主语多为战争、火灾、瘟疫等。该词组不能用于被动语态。

例如:

The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.

(2) break in意为“闯入”。其中in为副词,不加宾语。

例如:

Two robbers broke in and robbed the bank of a lot of money.

(3) break into意为“闯入;破门而入”。其中into为介词,加宾语。

例如:

They broke into the uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead.

(4) break away from意为“脱离”。

例如:

Lincoln said it was not right for the south to break away from the union.

(5) break down 意为“(机器,车辆)坏了;失败了;摧毁;分解”。

例如:

We are sorry to arrive late, but the car broke down.

The police broke the door down.

(6) break through意为“突破”。

例如:

The marchers broke through the line of the police.

(7) break off意为“折断;中断;断绝”。

例如:

Lets break off for half an hour and have some tea.

The two countries have broken off diplomatic relations between each other.

(8) break up意为“驱散;拆散”。

例如:

The police broke up the crowd.

【中考链接】

We had to _____ our discussion because one of us suddenly got ill. (2010四川巴中)

A. take off B. turn off

C. break off

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。句意:我们不得不中断我们的讨论,因为我们中有一个突然生病了。正确答案为C。

3. go off

(1) go off,动词短语,意为“(闹钟等)发出响声”。

例如:

Listen!The alarm clock is going off!听!闹铃响了。

The alarm went off when they got in. 他们一进去,闹铃就响了。

(2) go off 也有“(食物等)变质,变坏”的意思。

例如:

Meat goes off quickly in hot weather. 肉在热天很容易变坏。endprint

(3) go off 还有“离开(尤指去做某事)”的意思。

例如:

I had to sit down and wait for her because I could not just go off like that without explain-ing. 我只好坐下来等她,因为我不能就那样不作解释就一走了之。

【中考链接】

How I wish I could sleep longer! However, I had to get up as soon as the alarm clock ______. (2011山西)

A. ran off B. went off

C. took off

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词短语的辨析。句意:闹钟一响我就得起床。正确答案为B。

4. sell out

sell out卖完,用光。

例如:

We have sold out the model. 我们的样品已卖完了。

【中考链接】

—Do you have Nokia E72 mobiles?

—Sorry, they have been ______. You may come next week. (2011连云港)

A. given out B. looked out

C. sold out D. come out

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词组。句意:它们已经被卖完了。give out意为“分发;用完;消耗尽”;look out意为“小心,注意”;sell out意为“卖完;用光”;come out意为“出版”。正确答案为C。

1. 定语从句

在复合句中修饰名词或代词、作定语的句子叫定语从句。

引导定语从句的词叫关系词,包括关系代词和关系副词。定语从句所修饰的词叫“先行词”,因为它总是处在定语从句的前面,比定语从句先行一步。

(1) 关系代词:

who, which, that作从句的主语

whom, which, that作从句的宾语(可省略)

whose作从句的定语

例如:

He is the man who helped us out of trouble two days ago.

Where is the pen that / which was sent by my uncle?

The film star (whom) we like will come to the city next week.

The book (which / that) I bought yesterday is interesting.

【注意】

① 以下情况只能用that,不能用which:

a. 先行词为不定代词all, little, none, any, every, no, much, anything, nothing;

b. 先行词有最高级和序数词修饰时(包括the only, the very, the same, the last, the next等);

c. 先行词既有人又有物。

② 以下情况只能用which,不能用that:

a. 引导非限制性定语从句(包括代表整个主句的意思时);

b. 关系代词表示整个主句的内容时。

例如:

The moon moves around the earth, which / as we all know.

c. 介词 + 关系代词的结构。

【中考链接】

—What shall we do next?

—Take the advice _______ is given by Dr. Bloch. (2012福建泉州)

A. who B. which

C. whose

【答案】B

【解析】考查定语从句。先行词advice,指物体,关系代词应用which。

(2)关系副词的用法比较单一,它们在从句中只起状语的作用,表示时间的就用when,表示地点的就用where,而why只修饰一个词,即reason。而表示地点的要注意which和where的区别,which指“……地方”,where指“在 / 去……地方”。

例如:

Wuhan is a good place which I know very much.

Wuhan is a good place where I have been living.

Wuhan is a good place where I really want to go.

【中考链接】

This is the primary school ______ I studied three years ago. (2012四川宜宾)

A. where B. when

C. that D. which

【答案】A

【解析】考查定语从句关联词的用法。定语从句的先行词the primary school, 在定语从句中充当的是地点状语,所以用关系副词where引导, 故选A。endprint

2. 短语动词

(1) 短语动词的构成

英语中的动词,按其构成,可分为单词动词和短语动词。短语动词指由两个或两个以上单词构成的动词。这种动词主要有三种组合形式:

① 动词+介词,例如:take after(长得像……)。

② 动词+副词,例如:cheer up(使振奋;使高兴)。

③ 动词+副词+介词,例如:come up with(想起)。

在“动词+副词+介词”的组合中,短语动词只能看作是一个动词,绝对不能拆开。另外,还需要注意的是,以上三类短语动词都是一些固定搭配,这些短语动词与某些非固定搭配是有区别的。试比较:

a. The lights went out.

b. He put on his coat and went out.

a句中的went out(熄灭)是由“动词+副词”构成的短语动词。b句中的went out(出去)不是短语动词,went是动词,out是副词,作状语。

④ 动词 + 名词 + 介词,例如:take care of (照顾)。

(2) 及物与不及物短语动词

由动词和副词构成的短语动词有的起及物动词的作用,有的起不及物动词的作用。短语动词是及物的还是不及物的主要取决于短语动词的意思。因为一个短语动词可能具有两个或几个不同的意思,用作某个或某几个意思时可能是及物的,用作其他意思时又可能是不及物的。

例如:

He took off his coat when he entered the house and put it on again when he went out. (take off是及物短语动词)

At airports people can watch the planes taking off and landing.(take off是不及物短语动词)

【中考链接】

Smoking is not allowed in public places since May 1st. It may be a good chance for some people to ______ smoking. (2011浙江舟山)

A. put up B. give up

C. pick up D. look up

【答案】B

【解析】此题考查短语动词的辨析。句意:也许这是人们戒烟的好机会。put up意为“搭起”,give up意为“放弃”,pick up意为“捡起”,look up意为“查询”,只有give up符合句意。

3. 过去完成时

(1) 过去完成时的概念

过去完成时表示在过去的某个时间以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态,即“过去的过去”,也可以指过去的动作延续到过去的某时。

(2) 过去完成时的构成形式

had + 动词的过去分词(had通用于任何人称)

(3) 过去完成时的用法

① 常与by the end of及by the time等引导的从句连用。

例如:

By the end of last term, we had learned 1600 English words.

② 常与when, before, after, until等引导的时间状语从句连用,其中从句的谓语动词用一般过去式。

例如:

They had finished their work before we arrived.

It had stopped raining when I woke up.

③ 表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常与“for + 时间段”,“since + 时间点 / 从句”连用。在肯定句中,谓语动词用延续性动词。

例如:

The film had been on for half an hour when we arrived at the cinema.

Mr. Gao had worked in the school since it opened in 1995.

④ 如果时间状语从句的动作发生在主句之间,则从句可用过去完成时。

例如:

After I had finished my homework, I went to bed.

⑤ 当主句的谓语动词为said, asked, told, though等时,宾语从句常用过去完成时。

例如:

He asked me why I had been late.

⑥ 在含有定语从句的复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事情,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。

例如:

I returned the books that I had borrowed from the library.

4. 宾语从句

(1) 宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语。

① 由that引导的宾语从句。此时that只有语法作用,没有实际的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。

例如:

I am sure (that) he will succeed.

② 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。if和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。endprint

例如:

He asked me whether (if) I could help him.

③ 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。

例如:

Do you know who (whom) they are waiting for?

(2) 宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。

例如:

I think (that) you will like this school soon.

应特别注意以下陈述句式的区别:

① She asked what was the matter with him?

② Can you tell us what is on the desk?

③ Teachers know what all the students are doing in class.

当疑问词在句中作主语时,疑问句式不变,而其他情况一般都要变成陈述句式。

(3) 宾语从句的时态:

① 如果主句的时态是一般现在时,宾语从句则可根据实际情况而定。

例如:

I dont think (that) you are right.

Please tell us where he is.

② 如果主句的时态是一般过去时,宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时等)。

例如:

He asked what time it was.

He said that he would go back to the U.S. soon.

③ 如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理,其时态常用一般现在时。

例如:

Our teacher said that January is the first month of the year.

Scientists have proved that the earth turns around the sun.

【中考链接】

—Pardon? I didnt catch _______.

—I said the book sold very well in our school. (2012福建泉州)

A. what you said

B. where you would go

C. who you talked about

【答案】A

【解析】考查宾语从句的用法。由答句“我说那本书在我们学校卖得好”可推出上句句意:我没有听见你说的话。what you said意为“你所说的话”。所以选A。

1. 关于询问意愿的方法

—What do you like doing?

—I love playing football.

—What kind of job do you like to do?

—I like house-keeping work.

—What kind of volunteer work would you like to do?

—Ill help clean up the city parks.

【中考链接】

—Would you like to go to the hospital to help the sick kids this Sunday?

—______, Ill be free then. (2012浙江温州)

A. Sorry, I cant B. Not at all

C. Thank you D. Sure, Id love to

【答案】D

【解析】考查情景交际。Would you like to do sth.?的意思是“你愿意做……吗?”否定回答: Id love to, but ...;肯定回答:Yes, Id love to. 故选D。

2. 关于问路和指路(asking and pointing to the way)

(1) 问路

Excuse me. Wheres the washroom?

Can you tell me how to get to the post office?

Excuse me. Which bus goes to the World Park?

Excuse me. Which is the way to the Bank of China?

Excuse me. Could you tell me the way to the station, please?

How can I get to No. 4 Middle School?

Excuse me. Is there a book store near here?

(2) 指路

Its over there.

Its about 400 meters from here.

Walk along this road. / Go ahead. Its on your right / left.

Go down this street until you see the red building.

Turn right / left at the first / second crossing / corner.

You cant miss it.

You can take bus No. 106.

Youd better take a taxi.

Sorry. I dont know. Im a stranger here.

【中考链接】

—Excuse me. Could you please tell me where I can get the dictionary?

—______. Theres a bookstore on Yimeng Road. (2011山东临沂)

A. Sorry B. Sure

C. Good idea D. Thank you

【答案】B

【解析】考查口语交际。通过答语的下半句可知答语为肯定回答,用sure来应答Could you please ...引导的表示委婉语气的一般疑问句。

—Leo, could you tell me _______?

—I heard they were very mad at you. (2012 贵州遵义)

A. why they decided to do so

B. where have they gone

C. what trouble did they meet

【答案】A

【解析】在口语交际中考查宾语从句语序的用法。宾语从句应用陈述句语序而不能用疑问句语序,B、C为疑问句语序,故选A。endprint

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