祁艳艳 郝璋森 梁红玉 张思博 赵 丁,2,#
小檗碱对糖尿病大鼠胃壁神经元及肠系膜和心脏微血管损伤的保护作用*
祁艳艳1郝璋森1梁红玉1张思博1赵 丁1,2,#
目的:观察小檗碱对早期糖尿病大鼠胃肠神经元、肠系膜和心脏微血管损伤的改善作用。方法:清洁级SD 大鼠15 只,采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ,65mg/kg)制备糖尿病模型,12 只成模大鼠随机分为模型组(n=6)和小檗碱组(n=6)。成模2 周后小檗碱组以小檗碱溶液(200mg/kg)灌胃2周,模型组灌胃等量双蒸水。同批次普通饲料喂养的大鼠作为对照组(n=6)。给药2 周后观察各组大鼠毛色、体重和血糖,并取各组大鼠胃壁、肠系膜和心脏制备组织病理切片。通过甲苯胺蓝-伊红染色观察其胃体、胃底黏膜下神经元尼氏体数量及肠系膜微血管和心肌微血管的组织病理学变化,比较各组各指标的差异。结果:实验28天后,与对照组大鼠相比,模型组大鼠饮水、排尿量增加,毛色暗哑,尾部变黑,体重较对照组明显降低,血糖水平较对照组明显升高(P均<0.01)。小檗碱组较模型组大鼠毛色有光泽,尾部黑色现象有所减退,但体重及血糖水平改善均不明显(P均>0.05)。模型组大鼠胃体、胃底黏膜下神元尼氏体数量较对照组减少甚至消失,肠系膜微血管皱缩且瘀血严重,心肌微血管肌层变薄。小檗碱组胃壁神经丛尼氏体数量较模型组增多,肠系膜微血管变形、瘀血及心肌微血管情况均较模型组有所改善。结论:小檗碱对早期糖尿病大鼠胃壁神经及肠系膜和心脏微血管损伤有一定保护作用。
小檗碱;糖尿病;胃壁神经丛;尼氏体;微血管;大鼠
糖尿病外周神经和血管病变是其常见并发症。糖尿病患者的胃肠神经受损引起胃肠功能紊乱[1],而微血管病变又与神经病变密切相关,其发病机制与防治一直是近年来糖尿病研究的热点[2]。
研究表明,中药黄连的有效成分小檗碱具有降糖、降脂,抗氧化、抗心衰、抗肿瘤等作用[3,4]。并对阿尔茨海默症及缺血等引起的神经元损伤具有保护作用[5]。但小檗碱对糖尿病胃肠神经病变及血管损伤作用报道甚少。本文旨在前期研究[6]的基础上,进一步观察小檗碱对糖尿病大鼠胃壁神经元、肠系膜及心脏微血管病变的保护作用。
1.1 实验药物和仪器
小檗碱(四川协力制药有限公司,批号:061002)LEICA RM 2135 切片机(德国);血糖仪,美国雅培制药有限公司;血糖试纸,美国Abbott Diabetes Care INC。链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ) ,ALEXIS Biochemicals 公司;甲苯胺蓝(M=305.8)、伊红(M=647.49),北京化工厂;苦味酸(M=229.11),上海化学试剂有限公司。小檗碱溶液的配制:以重蒸水为溶剂,配制成50mg/ml 的小檗碱溶液[7]。自制营养液:用双蒸水配制改良Krebs-Henseleit(K-H)液[8],作为组织冲洗液,实验当天配制和使用。自制组织固定液:饱和苦味酸溶液、10%甲醛、冰乙酸按15∶5∶1 的比例配制,现配现用。
1.2 实验动物和分组处理
清洁级SD 大鼠21 只,雄性,体重200±20g,由河北医科大学动物实验学部提供(许可证号:SCXK(冀)2013-2-001);适应性喂养5-7 天;饲养环境符合GB14925-2010 要求,动物自由饮水和进食。饲料由河北医科大学动物实验学部提供,饮用水为无菌过滤水。
采用随机数字表法分为三组,6 只作为空白对照组。其余15只禁食12h后,腹腔注射1%STZ(65mg/kg 体重)[9],72h后尾静脉采血,测定随机血糖(葡萄糖氧化酶法);血糖值≥16.7mmol/L时,即认为制模成功[10 ]。共12 只大鼠成模。2 周后随机分为模型组(n=6)、小檗碱组(n=6);小檗碱组以200mg/kg 体重的小檗碱溶液灌胃[11,12],模型组以等量双蒸水灌胃,1 次/日,连续2周。实验期间各组大鼠均以普通饲料喂养。
1.3 大鼠大体观、体重和血糖测定
实验前和实验四周后观察各组大鼠毛色、饮水及排尿情况,并测定各组大鼠实验前后的体重及血糖水平。
1.4 组织病理学观察
1.4.1 样本采集与制片:大鼠断头处死后即刻开腹摘取胃底、胃体、肠系膜以及心脏,4℃营养液冲洗,心脏切取心尖部分。将所取组织于新鲜固定液中固定24h 以上(胃底及胃体固定时用蜡块钉平,防止标本过度皱缩)。将固定好的标本经梯度酒精脱水,二甲苯透明后石蜡包埋,切片(5μm)。
1.4.2 染色: 组织切片经二甲苯→ 无水乙醇→ 95%酒精→浸入蒸馏水过洗(1min);浸入0.25%甲苯胺蓝溶液中,室温下染色30s;再经蒸馏水过洗→95%乙醇分化→0.25%伊红醇溶液复染3s→100%乙醇→二甲苯透明;中性树脂胶封片。
1.4.3 显微镜观察:于光镜下观察各组大鼠胃体和胃底粘膜下神经元尼氏体数量和形态以及肠系膜微血管、心脏微血管的改变。
1.5 统计学处理
2.1 体重及血糖水平变化
实验前,三组大鼠体重和血糖差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.689、0.779,P>0.05),大体观相近。实验28天后,三组大鼠体重和血糖差异均有统计学意义(F=12.81、43.61,P<0.05);与对照组比较,模型组大鼠饮水、排尿增多,毛色暗哑,尾部变黑,体重明显降低(P<0.01),血糖水平明显升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,小檗碱组大鼠饮水和排尿几无差别,毛色变得有光泽,尾部变黑现象有所改善,但体重及血糖水平改善不明显(P>0.05)。见表1。
表1 各组大鼠体重和血糖值变化均=6)
注:与同期对照组比较,1)P<0.05;2)P<0.01
2.2 各组大鼠胃壁神经元尼氏体分布
神经元尼氏体经甲苯胺蓝-伊红染色后呈深蓝色。对照组胃底、胃体黏膜下神经元尼氏体清晰可见,数量较多,靠近细胞核者呈斑块状,边缘处细长;与对照组比较,模型组尼氏体溶解变形,数量减少,甚至消失;小檗碱组尼氏体数量较对照组少,但多于模型组,有一定程度的溶解变形(图1、图2)。
2.3 各组大鼠肠系膜微血管变化
肉眼观察,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠肠系膜血管皱缩、瘀血严重;小檗碱组血管皱缩、瘀血情况较模型组有所改善。光镜下,与对照组比较,模型组大鼠肠系膜微动脉平滑肌分层混乱,着色不均;小檗碱组肠系膜微动脉平滑肌分层较清晰,着色相对均匀(图3、图4)。
2.4 心脏微血管变化
与对照组比较,模型组大鼠心肌微血管肌层变薄,不着色甚至消失,心肌细胞间出现裂隙,小檗碱组较模型组血管肌层厚,且心肌细胞间裂隙也较模型组少(图5)。
[本文图1-图5见封2和插1反面]
糖尿病外周神经病变主要由长期高血糖诱发神经缺血缺氧造成,这种神经损害发展到糖尿病晚期将不可逆转,主要表现在导致胃肠功能异常[13]。本研究采用STZ成功复制早期糖尿病大鼠模型[14],大体观,模型大鼠毛色暗哑,尾部变黑,精神状态不佳;组织病理学观察可见模型大鼠胃壁神经元尼氏体溶解变形,数量减少,甚至消失;肠系膜微血管变形、瘀血、平滑肌分层混乱;心肌微血管亦变形,微动脉肌层变薄。表明早期糖尿病大鼠胃部神经系统、肠系膜血管及心脏微血管均出现病变。经小檗碱灌胃给药两周后,实验大鼠毛色变得有光泽,尾部变黑现象有所改善,胃壁神经元尼氏体数量增多,肠系膜微血管变形瘀血、平滑肌分层均有改善,心脏微血管肌层增厚,心肌细胞间裂隙减少。提示小檗碱对胃部神经元、肠系膜及心脏微血管损伤均有一定的保护作用。
曾有研究[12]报道,糖尿病大鼠经小檗碱灌胃给药8周后,神经病理性疼痛症状减轻,外周神经的结构和功能得以维持。本课题组先期也曾报道过小檗碱体外给药对早期糖尿病大鼠膀胱逼尿肌神经递质释放异常有明显改善作用[14]。本研究结果又证实,小檗碱对糖尿病大鼠胃肠神经及血管损伤有一定保护作用,进一步丰富了这一研究的内容和资料。小檗碱发挥此等作用的机制可能与其降低血糖、调节神经功能、修复损害微血管等作用相关,但其分子机制有待进一步研究。
◀
本文第一作者简介:
祁艳艳(1991-),女,汉族,2010级本科生参考文献
1 韩 刚,李秀钧,川浩明,等. 2 型糖尿病患者胃动力学与植物神经病变关系的探讨[J]. 中国糖尿病杂志,2000,8(2):85-88.
2 黄景欢,王 冰. 糖尿病微血管病变的防治研究进展[J].医学综述,2010,16(18):2 803-2 805.
3 沈 宁,李彩娜,环 奕,等. 小檗碱调节血糖血脂代谢紊乱机制研究进展[J]. 药学学报,2010,45 (6): 699-704.
4 Yao J,Kong W,Jiang J. Learning from berberine: Treating chronic diseases through multiple targets[J]. Sci China Life Sci,2013,57: 1-6.
5 王 静,张艳军. 小檗碱对中枢神经系统相关疾病治疗研究进展[J]. 天津中医药,2011,28 (2):173-174.
6 王 霄,马建红,郝璋森,等. 小檗碱在高糖高胰岛素环境对大鼠胃体环形肌收缩活动的影响[J]. 中药新药与临床药理,2012,23(5): 497-500.
7 Liu WH, Hei ZQ, Nie H, et al. Berberine ameliorates renal injury in treptopzotocin-induced diabetic rats by suppression of both oxidative stress and aldose reductase[J].Chinese Medical Journal, 2008, 121(8):706-712.
8 Baccari MC, Iacoviello C, Calamai F. Nitric oxide as modulator of cholinergic neurotransmission in gastric muscle of rabbits[J]. Am J Physiol, 1997, 273(2): 456-463.
9 Belaia A, Lefebvre RA, Burnstock G. Motor activity and neurotransmitter release in the gastric fundus of streptozotocin-diabetic rats[J]. European Journal of Pharmacology, 1991, 194(3):225-234.
10 Cameron NE, Cotter MA. Pro-inflammatory mechanisms in diabetic neuropathy:focus on the nuclear factor kappa B pathway[J]. Curr Drug Targets, 2008, 9(1): 60-67.
11 Kong W, Wei J, Abidi P, et al. Berberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins[J]. Nat Med, 2004, 10(12):1 344-1 351.
12 潘龙瑞,凌金祖,彭 吉,等. 小檗碱对糖尿病大鼠外周神经功能及神经病理性痛的影响[J]. 中国老年学杂志,2011,2(31): 628-630.
13 候宁宁,王朝迅,锥盟,等. STZ-糖尿病大鼠小肠动力与肠神经胆碱能和氮能神经元关系的研究[J]. 天津医科大学学报,2007,13(2):165-168.
14 Ren LM,Zhuo YJ,Hao ZS,et al. Berberine improves neurogenic contractile response of bladder detrusor muscle in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2013,150(3):1 128-1 136.
Berberine Improve the Pathological Damages of Gastric Nerve Plexus, Mesenteric and Cardiac Blood Vessels in Diabetic Rats
QI Yan-yan1,HAO Zhang-sen1, LIANG Hong-Yu1,ZHANG Si-bo1, ZHAO Ding1,2,#
1School of Pharmacy, Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China;2State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance andFunction of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of MedicalSciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China;#Corresponding author
Objective: To investigate the effects of berberine on the pathological damages of gastric nerve plexus, cardiac and mesenteric blood vessels in the early diabetic rats.Method: 15 SD rats were injected streptozotocin (STZ 65mg/kg), 12 rats were divided into two groups randomly, one group was model group (n=6), another group was treated with berberine (n=6). After two weeks of the diabetic model was successfully made, berberine solvent was administrated by gavage for two weeks, and same amount of double-distilled water was given a gavage to the rats in model group simultaneously. The same batch of rats fed a normal diet as control group (n=6). After two weeks of treated with berberine, the colour of fur, investigated body weight and blood glucose of all rats were observed. And then tissues were taken, paraffin sections were made. The number of neuron nissl bodies which from the submucosal neurons of gastric body and fundus, and the cardiac and vascular pathological changes were deteated by the method of tolyidine blue and eosin dye.Results: Compared with the control rats, the hair and tail color were much darker, body weight was reduced (P<0.01), and the level of blood glucose was increased significantly (P<0.01) in the diabetic rats. There were no apparently differences in the body weight (P>0.05) and the level of blood glucose (P>0.05) between barbering administrated and diabetic rats, but for berberine group, the dark color of tail were dropped down and the hair were more luster. In the diabetic rats, the number of neuron nissl bodies in nerve plexus of gastric body and fundus were decreased or disappeared, while the cardiac and mesenteric blood vessels emerged obvious morphological changes and blood stasis. And in berberine treated rats, the populations of neuron nissl bodies were increased, the morphological changes and blood stasis were ameliorated. Conclusion: Berberine ameliorates the damage of gastric nerve, cardiac and mesenteric vascular in early diabetic rats.
Berberine; Diabetic; Gastric nerve plexus; Nissl bodies; Capillaries; Rat
河北省自然科学基金石药基金项目(C2011206175);河北省科技厅科技支撑计划项目(142777114D)
1河北医科大学药学院,河北医科大学中西医结合研究所,石家庄 050017;2中国医学科学院/北京协和医学院药物研究所天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室,北京 100050;#
,E-mail: zhaodingd@163.com
本文2014-11-18收到,2015-01-18修回
R96
A
1005-1740(2015)02-0005-04