徐 飞,崔文强,吴 晓,董竞成
·专题研究·
布地奈德与全身性激素治疗COPD急性加重期疗效的Meta分析
徐 飞,崔文强,吴 晓,董竞成
目的 通过系统评价的方法,比较布地奈德(BUD)与全身性激素(SCS)治疗COPD急性加重期(AECOPD)的有效性与安全性。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)中关于BUD(试验组)与SCS(对照组)治疗AECOPD的文献,检索时间均从建库至2014年7月。提取肺功能、动脉血气分析、呼吸困难评分、COPD 评估测试(CAT)问卷评分、不良反应资料。结果 纳入19篇符合标准的文献。Meta分析结果显示,两组治疗前后第1秒用力呼气末容积(FEV1)差值比较,治疗疗程非7天亚组与7天亚组均无统计学意义〔MD=-0.03,95%CI(-0.11,0.05),P=0.45;MD=-0.01,95%CI(-0.06,0.03),P=0.61〕。两组治疗前后第1秒用力呼气末容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%)差值比较,治疗疗程非7天亚组与7天亚组均无统计学意义〔MD=-0.80,95%CI(-2.62,1.02),P=0.39;MD=-0.21,95%CI(-1.44,1.03),P=0.74〕。两组治疗前后动脉血氧分压(PaO2)差值比较,治疗疗程非7天亚组与7天亚组均有统计学意义〔MD=-2.12,95%CI(-4.14,-0.10),P=0.04;MD=-1.06,95%CI(-1.85,-0.26),P=0.01〕。两组治疗前后动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)差值比较,治疗疗程非7天亚组与7天亚组均无统计学意义〔MD=-0.44,95%CI(-1.13,0.26),P=0.22;MD=0.00,95%CI(-0.58,0.57),P=0.99〕。两组治疗前后呼吸困难评分差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=-0.02,95%CI(-0.18,0.13),P=0.76〕。两组治疗前后CAT差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=0.34,95%CI(-0.23,0.92),P=0.24〕。对照组不良反应主要表现为血糖升高、胃部不适和口干;试验组不良反应主要为口腔、咽部及胃部不适。结论 BUD和SCS均可改善AECOPD患者肺功能及动脉血气、减轻呼吸困难和降低CAT评分,两者疗效差异不明显,BUD不良反应较SCS少。
布地奈德;全身性激素;肺疾病,慢性阻塞性;疗效比较研究;Meta分析
徐飞,崔文强,吴晓,等.布地奈德与全身性激素治疗COPD急性加重期疗效的Meta分析[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(8):873-880.[www.chinagp.net]
Xu F,Cui WQ,Wu X,et al.Comparison of effect of budesonide and systemic corticosteroids on acute exacerbations of COPD:a meta-analysis[J].Chinese General Practice,2015,18(8):873-880.
COPD一般以老年人或具有吸烟史者高发[1]。我国COPD患者总数高达4 300万[2-3],并且由于频繁急性发作导致患者肺功能下降、医疗费用增加、生活质量降低及病死率逐年升高。COPD病因是以炎症为主[4]。根据病情严重程度可分为急性加重期(AECOPD)和缓解期。加拿大胸科协会(CTS)将AECOPD定义为呼吸困难持续加重、咳嗽加剧及痰量增多,治疗用药增多,或需联合用药[5]。治疗AECOPD的常用药物包括支气管扩张剂、糖皮质激素和抗生素等[1],激素可分为全身性激素(SCS)和局部性激素。由于AECOPD患者常表现为局部气道炎症加重[6],临床上多采用SCS进行抗炎治疗,但是短期大剂量SCS的使用常引起血糖增高、血压升高和肠道反应;而吸入性糖皮质激素(ICS),如布地奈德(BUD),作为一种局部性激素,对于治疗AECOPD同样具有疗效,其直接作用于局部呼吸道,起效时间短,抗炎靶向性较强,且不良反应较小。本研究对BUD和SCS治疗AECOPD的效果进行系统评价,为临床合理用药提供循证医学证据。
1.1 文献纳入与排除标准
1.1.1 纳入标准
1.1.1.1 研究类型 BUD与SCS对比治疗AECOPD的随机对照试验(RCT),语种限中、英文。
1.1.1.2 研究对象 AECOPD的患者诊断标准:(1)有呼吸困难、慢性咳嗽或咳痰等临床症状;(2)有危险因素(吸烟、职业、空气污染等)暴露史;(3)吸入支气管扩张剂后,肺功能检查第1秒用力呼气末容积(FEV1)与用力肺活量(FVC)比值 <70%,第1秒用力呼气末容积占预计值百分比(FEV1%)为30%~50%。患者性别、年龄、病程、给药方式不限。
1.1.1.3 干预措施 试验组雾化吸入BUD,对照组口服或静脉滴注糖皮质激素,两组制剂类型、用量、用法不限,余治疗方法均相同。
1.1.1.4 观察指标 主要观察指标:(1)肺功能(FEV1、FEV1%);(2)动脉血气分析〔动脉血氧分压(PaO2),动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)〕、呼吸困难评分、COPD 评估测试(CAT)问卷、不良反应。纳入文献的观察指标须包括肺功能或动脉血气分析。
1.1.2 排除标准 (1)动物实验;(2)试验组干预措施含其他吸入成分;(3)试验组包含不同剂量BUD亚组的研究;(4)观察指标无具体数据;(5)重复发表。
1.2 文献检索策略 计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网、维普网、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM),检索时间均从建库至2014年7月。英文检索语句为“Budesonid AND (Systemic corticosteroids OR Corticosteroid OR Methylprednisolone OR Prednisone) AND (AECOPD OR Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease )”;中文检索词为“布地奈德、全身性激素(或甲强龙或强的松或泼尼松龙或泼尼松)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(或AECOPD)”,并追踪查阅相似文献与参考文献。
1.3 资料提取 根据事先自行制定的资料提取表格,由2名研究者独立对纳入研究的文献进行全文阅读并提取资料。当意见不一致时,由第三者进行分析评定。对于资料不全或有歧义的文献,则联系作者获取准确结果。
1.4 偏倚风险评价 根据Cochrane偏倚风险评估工具RevMan 5.3对纳入文献进行偏倚风险评估,包括6个方面:(1)是否采用随机分配方法;(2)是否采用分配隐藏;(3)是否采用盲法;(4)结果数据是否完整;(5)是否无选择性报道结果;(6)是否无其他偏倚来源。每条标准按照“是”“否”“不清楚”来划分,分别表示偏倚风险低、高和不确定。
1.5 统计学方法 采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.3统计软件进行统计分析。采用Q检验对文献异质性进行定性分析,I2检验对文献异质性进行定量分析,当P≥0.10或I2≤50%时,表示各文献无统计学异质性,采用固定效应模型分析;否则表示各文献存在统计学异质性,采用随机效应模型进行分析,若异质性过大,则行描述性分析[7]。计量资料采用均数差(MD)表示,区间估计采用95%可信区间(95%CI)。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2.1 文献检索 检索出相关文献116篇,阅读摘要后排除44篇,阅读全文后,根据纳入和排除标准,共19篇文献[8-26]符合纳入标准,其中中文18篇,英文1篇。文献筛选流程图见图1,纳入文献的基本特征见表1。
2.2 偏倚风险评估 仅4篇文献[15,17,20,26]以随机数字表法进行随机分配,2篇文献[17,26]提及盲法,各文献均未提及分配隐藏、样本量估算或采用意向性治疗(ITT)分析(见表2)。
注:BUD=布地奈德,①=FEV1,②=FEV1%,③=PaO2,④=PaCO2,⑤=呼吸困难评分,⑥=COPD评估测试问卷,⑦=不良反应
图1 文献筛选流程图
2.3 Meta分析结果
2.3.1 FEV19篇文献[8,10,12,14,16,19-20,24-25]报道了治疗前后FEV1变化,根据疗程分为非7天亚组3篇[10,16,20]和7天亚组6篇[8,12,14,19,24-25]。非7天亚组各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.12,I2=53%),采用固定效应模型。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后FEV1差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=-0.03,95%CI(-0.11,0.05),P=0.45,见图2〕。7天亚组各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.95,I2=0),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后FEV1差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=-0.01,95%CI(-0.06,0.03),P=0.61,见图2〕。
图2 两组治疗前后FEV1差值比较的森林图
Figure 2 Forest plot for comparison of the differences of FEV1before and after treatment between the two groups
2.3.2 FEV1% 7篇文献[11,13,15,17-18,22-23]报道了治疗前后FEV1%变化,根据疗程分为非7天亚组4篇[11,13,15,23]和7天亚组3篇[17-18,22]。非7天亚组各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.74,I2=0),采用固定效应模型。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后FEV1%差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=-0.80,95%CI(-2.62,1.02),P=0.39,见图3〕。7天亚组各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.91,I2=0),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后FEV1%差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=-0.21,95%CI(-1.44,1.03),P=0.74,见图3〕。
图3 两组治疗前后FEV1%差值比较的森林图
Figure 3 Forest plot for comparison of the differences of FEV1% before and after treatment between the two groups
2.3.3 PaO217篇文献[8-19,21-22,24-26]报道了治疗前后PaO2变化,根据疗程分为非7天亚组7篇[9-11,13,15-16,26]和7天亚组10篇[8,12,14,17-19,21-22,24-25]。非7天亚组各文献间存在统计学异质性(P<0.01,I2=74%),采用随机效应模型。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后PaO2差值比较,差异有统计学意义〔MD=-2.12,95%CI(-4.14,-0.10),P=0.04,见图4〕。7天亚组各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.73,I2=0),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后PaO2差值比较,差异有统计学意义〔MD=-1.06,95%CI(-1.85,-0.26),P=0.009,见图4〕。
图4 两组治疗前后PaO2差值比较的森林图
Figure 4 Forest plot for comparison of the differences of PaO2before and after treatment between the two groups
2.3.4 PaCO217篇文献[8-19,21-22,24-26]报道了治疗前后PaCO2变化,根据疗程分为非7天亚组7篇[9-11,13,15-16,26]和7天亚组10篇[8,12,14,17-19,21-22,24-25]。非7天亚组各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.99,I2=0),采用固定效应模型。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后PaCO2差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=-0.44,95%CI(-1.13,0.26),P=0.22,见图5〕。7天亚组各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.85,I2=0),采用固定效应模型进行分析。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后PaCO2差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=0.00,95%CI(-0.58,0.57),P=0.99,见图5〕。
图5 两组治疗前后PaCO2差值比较的森林图
Figure 5 Forest plot for comparison of the differences of PaCO2before and after treatment between the two groups
2.3.5 呼吸困难评分 3篇文献[18,22-23]报道了治疗前后呼吸困难评分,各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.47,I2=0),采用固定效应模型。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后呼吸困难评分差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=-0.02,95%CI(-0.18,0.13),P=0.76,见图6〕。
图6 两组治疗前后呼吸困难评分差值比较的森林图
Figure 6 Forest plot for comparison of the differences of dyspnea Scores before and after treatment between the two groups
2.3.6 CAT 2篇文献[19-20]报道了治疗前后CAT,各文献间无统计学异质性(P=0.25,I2=23%),采用固定效应模型。Meta分析显示,两组治疗前后CAT差值比较,差异无统计学意义〔MD=0.34,95%CI(-0.23,0.92),P=0.24,见图7〕。
图7 两组治疗前后CAT比较的Meta分析
Figure 7 Forest plot for Comparison of the differences of CAT before and after treatment between the two groups
2.3.7 不良反应 13篇文献[10,12-15,17-21,23,25-26]对不良反应进行了监测,综合各文献结果显示,对照组不良反应主要表现为血糖升高、胃部不适和口干;试验组不良反应主要表现为口腔、咽部及胃部不适(见表3)。
2.4 偏倚分析 分别对关于PaO2、PaCO2的文献绘制漏斗图(见图8、9)。结果显示,散点偏向左侧,漏斗图对称性差,存在一定程度的发表偏倚,可能与文献质量较低、样本量小及其他偶然性因素等有关。
图8 PaO2的发表偏倚的漏斗图
组别例数血糖升高胃部不适(包括恶心)口干口腔不适(包括假丝酵母菌感染)咽部不适血压升高其他合计对照组50541(8.1)34(6.4)14(2.8)1(0.2)0 6(1.2)3(0.6)99(19.6)试验组5200 3(0.6)10(1.9)7(1.3)11(2.1)07(1.3)38(7.3)
图9 PaCO2发表偏倚的漏斗图
3.2 治疗 临床常选用SCS和ICS两类激素治疗AECOPD。SCS抗炎效果非常明显,长期以来普遍用于治疗AECOPD,但长期使用机体产生激素抵抗,治疗效果下降[40],且其不良反应较为严重。ICS同样可有效治疗AECOPD[41],BUD作为临床上常用的ICS,不仅可以直接作用于气道,显著降低局部气道炎症反应[42-43],还可以通过首过代谢降低全身炎性反应,降低外周血C反应蛋白、血清IL-8和TNF-α水平[44]。此外,ICS与气道上皮细胞内糖皮质受体结合,抑制促炎基因[45];也可提高Pro-SFTPB水平[46],抑制炎性反应。
本研究结果显示,BUD和SCS均可改善AECOPD患者肺功能及动脉血气、减轻呼吸困难和降低CAT,除改善PaO2具有统计学意义外,其余疗效差异无统计学意义。总体来看,两者疗效接近。另外,BUD和SCS治疗也均有不良反应发生,BUD的不良反应主要表现在消化系统,如口干、咽部不适,胃部不适,严重者可出现上消化道出血。有研究显示,BUD不良反应较少且程度较轻[44],可长期使用[47],但长期使用会增加患肺炎的概率,且与BUD剂量呈正相关[48],需临床应用时注意。Sun等[47]研究发现,BUD和甲泼尼龙SCS均可改善AECOPD临床症状、肺功能、动脉血气分析,且两者无差异。值得注意的是,BUD不良反应较轻,且联合选择性肾上腺素β2受体激动药沙丁胺醇或福莫特罗可进一步提高AECOPD的治疗效果[49]。但有文献报道,ICS并不能改善AECOPD患者肺功能,即使大剂量使用也不能改善FEV1[50]。短期(2周)大剂量SCS也只能稍微改善肺功能,但可明显增强总体治疗效果,缩短住院时间,同时会出现严重的不良反应;长期(8周)使用其治疗效果并未有所提升[51]。也有研究报道,SCS药效迅速,尤其适用于AECOPD,而ICS是稳定期COPD的关键药物[52]。2014年《慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议》(GOLD)也指出SCS为急性加重期的推荐药物,可促进病情缓解和肺功能的恢复,并且SCS治疗AECOPD短疗程5 d和常规疗程14 d的急性加重率、病死率及FEV1改变均无差异,但目前尚未有足够的证据对激素治疗AECOPD的疗程提供确切的结论。同时,GOLD指出ICS作为稳定期的推荐药物,需与长效β2受体激动剂联合应用,同样此方案尚缺乏临床证据,其治疗AECOPD是否有效未提及[1]。
综上所述,BUD和SCS治疗AECOPD均具有显著疗效,两者疗效差异不明显。由于语种的限制,本研究只纳入中、英文文献,国内文献占多数,对符合标准的其他语种类文献未进行统计分析;纳入文献大多数未详细描述随机的方法、具体的分配隐藏方法、盲法和退出、失访、随访情况,多数文献质量不高,因此,本研究结果与GOLD存在一定的差异,SCS和BUD治疗AECOPD的剂量、疗程、疗效以及不良反应等有待临床进一步探索与验证。
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(本文编辑:吴立波)
Comparison of Effect of Budesonide and Systemic Corticosteroids on Acute Exacerbations of COPD:A Meta-analysis
XUFei,CUIWen-qiang,WUXiao,etal.
DepartmentofIntegrativeMedicine,HuashanHospitalAffiliatedtoFudanUniversity,InstituteofIntegratedTraditionalChineseandWesternMedicine,FudanUniversity,Shanghai200040,China
Objective To systematically review the efficacy and safety of budesonide(BUD) and systemic corticosteroids(SCS) on patients with AECOPD.Methods We searched literature concerning studies in which patients with AECOPD receiving BUD treatment were assigned as trial group and SCS as control group from PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,VIP database and CBM Data with the time range of searching set from establishment of the databases to July 2014.The extracted data covered pulmonary function analysis,arterial blood gas analysis,score of dyspnea,score of CAT and adverse events.Results A total of 19 pieces of valid literature were included.The meta analysis showed that there was no significant difference in FEV1before and after treatment either in non-seven-day treatment subgroup or seven-day treatment subgroup〔MD=-0.03,95%CI(-0.11,0.05),P=0.45;MD=-0.01,95%CI(-0.06,0.03),P=0.61〕;there was no significant difference in FEV1% before and after treatment either in non-seven-day treatment subgroup or seven-day treatment subgroup〔MD=-0.80,95%CI(-2.62,1.02),P=0.39;MD=-0.21,95%CI(-1.44,1.03),P=0.74〕;there was significant difference in PaO2before and after treatment both in non-seven-day treatment subgroup and seven-day treatment subgroup〔MD=-2.12,95%CI(-4.14,-0.10),P=0.04;MD=-1.06,95%CI(-1.85,-0.26),P=0.01〕;there was no significant difference in PaCO2before and after treatment either in non-seven-day treatment subgroup or seven-day treatment subgroup〔MD=-0.44,95%CI(-1.13,0.26),P=0.22;MD=0.00,95%CI(-0.58,0.57),P=0.99〕;there was no significant difference in the scores of dyspnea〔MD=-0.02,95%CI(-0.18,0.13),P=0.76〕;there was no significant difference in CAT〔MD=0.34,95%CI(-0.23,0.92),P=0.24〕.For trial group,the adverse events were mainly increasing level of blood glucose,stomach upset and xerostomia;for control group,the adverse events were mainly discomfort in oral cavity,throat and stomach.Conclusion BUD and SCS are both effective in improving pulmonary function and arterial blood gas,alleviating dyspnea and reducing CAT score in patients with AECOPD.The difference in the effects is not statistically significant and BUD causes less adverse events than SCS.
Budesonid;Systemic corticosteroids;Pulmonary disease,chronic obstructive;Comparative effectiveness research;Meta-analysis
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81173390);上海市恽氏中西医汇通项目
200040上海市,复旦大学附属华山医院中西医结合科,复旦大学中西医结合研究所(徐飞,吴晓,董竞成);复旦大学上海医学院中西医结合基础系(崔文强)
董竞成,200040上海市,复旦大学附属华山医院中西医结合科,复旦大学中西医结合研究所;E-mail:jcdong2004@126.com
R 563.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2015.08.005
发表时间(年)随机方法分配隐藏盲法结果数据完整性无选择性报告陈国忠[8]2005不清楚不清楚否是是张星宇[9]2006不清楚不清楚否是是谢艳萍[10]2007不清楚不清楚否是是曹婷婷[11]2008不清楚不清楚否是是王建筑[12]2009不清楚不清楚否是是闫忠诚[13]2009不清楚不清楚否是是杨湘永[14]2010不清楚不清楚否是是王艳飞[15]2011随机数字表不清楚否否是薛金凤[16]2011不清楚不清楚否是是雷蕾[17]2011随机数字表不清楚双盲是是章明杰[18]2013不清楚不清楚否是是莫万勇[19]2013不清楚不清楚否是是胡碧丹[20]2013随机数字表不清楚否是是符大侠[21]2014不清楚不清楚否是是王慎临[22]2014就诊顺序不清楚否是是和瑞莲[23]2014不清楚不清楚否是是王俊霞[24]2008不清楚不清楚否是是周新[25]2004不清楚不清楚否是是Maltais[26]2002随机数字表不清楚三盲否是
2014-12-20;
2015-02-10)