张保集,张明杰
(1.国家知识产权局专利局专利审查协作江苏中心,江苏 苏州 215000;2.天津大学理学院,天津 300072)
无配体铜盐催化的碳氮偶联方法
张保集1,张明杰2
(1.国家知识产权局专利局专利审查协作江苏中心,江苏 苏州 215000;2.天津大学理学院,天津 300072)
摘要:建立了一种简单、高效的芳卤和含氮杂环偶联方法。以10%(摩尔分数)CuI为催化剂、1.1 eq.NaH为碱时,芳基碘、芳基溴和大部分芳基氯能够高效地和含氮杂环反应,高收率得到各种N-芳基化产物。所用无配体铜盐催化剂体系在空气中稳定且易于重复使用。
关键词:N-芳基化反应;铜盐催化剂;配体;碳氮偶联;芳卤;含氮杂环
亲电性的碳与亲核性的氮、氧、硫等杂原子之间形成的芳基碳碳键、碳杂键一直是有机合成化学中的重要单元。C-N偶联反应是合成各种含有C-N键新型药物和材料极其重要的反应[1-2],广泛应用于医药、农药、日用化工、染料等行业。
形成C-N键的简单方法是过渡金属催化含氮杂环与芳卤发生N-芳基化反应,如金属(铜[3-8]、钯[9-11]、铁[12-15]等)盐催化的Ullmann C-N偶联反应。Taillefer研究组[16-18]、Buchwald研究组[19-28]、Teo研究组[29-30]等致力于研究温和条件下铜盐催化的Ullmann C-N偶联反应。在配体存在下C-N偶联反应效率明显改善,配体类型可分为:N,N-配体、O,O-配体、N,O-配体等,常用配体有:四甲基菲啰啉、L-卟啉[31]、四甲基联二萘胺[32]、环己二胺[33]、羟基亚胺[34]、8-羟基喹啉[35]、二亚胺[36]、脯氨酸等。近年来,也有少量文献报道了无配体存在下的C-N偶联反应,但碱的用量超过2 eq.[37-41]。
金属盐催化的C-N偶联反应存在以下问题[42]:催化剂多为过渡贵金属,毒性较强,污染环境;常规催化剂的催化效率低,投料量较大;催化体系一般需要配体辅助才能发挥较好的催化性能,而配体的制备复杂,成本高;反应所得为复杂混合物,不利于产物的提纯;反应温度高;广试性差;配体对空气、水敏感;反应时间长;收率中等;底物范围窄。因此,开发高效、简单的催化体系(如无配体存在、碱用量少、催化剂能重复利用等)对C-N偶联反应极其重要。
鉴于此,作者建立了一种高效、简单、无需配体、无惰性气体保护、能够循环使用的应用于芳卤和含氮杂环的C-N偶联反应催化剂体系。
1实验方法
所用试剂及溶剂均为分析纯,无需预处理。
具体步骤[43]:将NaH 1.1 mmol、吡唑1.2 mmol、DMSO 2.00 mL依次加入25 mL圆口烧瓶中。室温搅拌30 min,再依次加入CuI 0.1 mmol、溴苯1.0 mmol,加热至一定温度,TLC监测反应进度。反应结束后降温至室温,加入10 mL水稀释,用乙酸乙酯萃取3次。合并萃取有机层,用盐水洗涤促进有机层进一步分离,无水硫酸镁干燥,减压蒸馏,柱层析纯化,得产品。
2结果与讨论
以溴苯和吡唑为底物,对溶剂、催化剂及NaH用量进行筛选,结果见表1。
(1)溶剂的筛选:从表1中1#~7#实验可以看出,以DMSO作溶剂时,目标产物收率(指分离收率,下同)达92%;以DMF或1,4-二氧六环作溶剂时,收率中等;以四氢呋喃、甲苯、乙腈作溶剂时,没有得到目标产物;无溶剂时,目标产物收率达73%。因此,选择DMSO作为C-N偶联反应溶剂。
(2)铜盐催化剂的筛选:不同价态铜盐催化剂的催化性能差异较大。一价亚铜盐优于二价铜盐,零价铜粉活性最差;无催化剂(16#实验)时,收率较低,仅为8%;反应温度较低(17#实验)时,没有目标产物生成。因此,选择CuI作为C-N偶联反应催化剂。
表1 C-N偶联反应条件的筛选Tab.1 Screening on conditions of C-N cross-coupling reaction
反应条件:吡唑1.2 mmol,溴苯1.0 mmol,催化剂0.1 mmol,溶剂2 mL,反应温度120 ℃(17#实验为80 ℃);*为气相收率。
(3)碱用量的筛选:随着NaH用量的增加,收率先升高后降低,在NaH用量为1.1 eq.时,收率最高。因此,选择NaH用量为1.1 eq.。
选取含取代基团的芳卤作为亲电试剂、含氮杂环为亲核试剂,在优化条件下进行C-N偶联反应,结果见表2。
从表2可看出:(1)由于溴苯、碘苯及其衍生物的活性较高,底物取代基团的电子效应对反应活性影响较小,N-芳基化产物收率适中。(2)氯代芳烃活性较低,底物取代基团的电子效应对反应活性影响较大。这是因为,吸电基团可以显著降低芳环的电子云密度,有利于杂环化合物中氮原子靠近芳环,相反,供电基团不利于二者反应。含有吸电取代基团的氯代芳烃(10#~16#)相对于含有供电取代基团的氯代芳烃(17#~19#)具有更高的活性。(3)甲基取代基团与反应位点的卤元素处于邻位(6#和7#,10#和13#,11#和14#)时,增加了亲电试剂的进攻难度,收率降低。
以溴苯与吡唑为底物进行C-N偶联反应,反应后所得混合物用乙酸乙酯充分洗涤、离心,将滤出物CuI进行真空干燥。将活化后的催化剂再次投入反应体系中,考察催化剂重复使用性能,结果见表3。
表2 芳卤与含氮杂环C-N偶联反应结果Tab.2 Results of C-N cross-coupling reactions between aryle halides and nitrogen-containing heterocycle
续表2
反应条件:含氮杂环1.2 mmol,NaH 1.1 mmol,芳卤1.0 mmol,CuI 0.1 mmol,DMSO 2 mL,反应温度120 ℃,反应时间24 h;当X=Cl时,1#、2#、3#、18#、19#实验的收率为气相收率;11#实验的催化剂为CuCl。
表3 催化剂重复使用性能Tab.3 Recycling performance of catalyst
反应条件:吡唑1.2 mmol,溴苯1 mmol,NaH 1.1 mmol,CuI 0.1 mmol,反应温度120 ℃,反应时间24 h,DMSO 2 mL。
从表3可看出,催化剂重复使用5次后,催化性能虽略有下降,但影响不大。
3结论
开发了一种新型的用于C-N偶联反应的无配体铜盐催化剂,在碱用量为1.1 eq.时,芳基碘、芳基溴及大部分芳基氯能够高效地和含氮杂环反应。该催化剂体系高效、简单、能重复使用。
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10.3969/j.issn.1672-5425.2015.12.013
C-N Cross-Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Ligand-Free Copper Salt
ZHANG Bao-ji1,ZHANG Ming-jie2
(1.Patent Examination Cooperation Jiangsu Center of the Patent Office,SIPO,Suzhou 215000,China;
2.School of Science,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072,China)
Abstract:A simple and high-efficient C-N cross-coupling method of aryl halides with nitrogen-containing heterocycles was reported.Using 10%(molar fraction) CuI as catalyst and 1.1 eq.NaH as base,aryl iodides,aryl bromides and many aryl chlorides could efficiently react with nitrogen-containing heterocycles,and high yield of N-arylated products were obtained.The ligand-free copper salt catalyst system was stable in air and could be reused.
Keywords:benzene;degradation;domestication;screening;identification;biological filter tower;operation co-nditionsdoi:
中图分类号:TQ 251O 626
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1672-5425(2015)12-0054-05
作者简介:张保集(1985-),男,山东人,硕士,研究方向:有机合成化学,E-mail:zhangbaoji1126@163.com;通讯作者:张明杰,教授。
收稿日期:2015-09-11