黄钦江孙晓川
·综 述·
CTA在颅内动脉瘤临床应用中的进展
黄钦江*孙晓川*
动脉瘤 CT血管成像
颅内动脉瘤伴或不伴蛛网膜下腔出血(subarachnoid haemorrhage,SAH)发病率约9/10万,但波动较大,可高达20/10万,发病后若采取保守治疗,第1个月内死亡率高达50%~60%,首次出血后即使临床症状完全康复,在发病后6个月内也有1/3患者死于再出血[1]。因此早期诊断并及时处理动脉瘤就显得尤为重要。目前数字减影血管造影(digital subtraction angiography,DSA)仍是诊断颅内动脉瘤的“金标准”,但该检查有创,存在禁忌证较多。而CT血管成像(computed tomography angiography,CTA)检查无创、方便及快捷,目前广泛应用于临床,现就其主要作用及研究进展作一综述。
特殊类型的Willis环模式与动脉瘤形成有一定相关性。Kayembe[2]指出双侧大脑前动脉A1段不对称与前交通动脉瘤形成有关,双侧后交通动脉不对称易于形成后交通动脉瘤。Kaspera[3]研究指出,双侧大脑前动脉A1段不对称以及A1段与A2段之间夹角小于100°是前交通动脉瘤形成的独立危险因素。当前,CTA成像质量高,可以清晰显示颅内动脉走行、血管形态及Willis环情况。对于存在Willis环变异,尤其是那些一侧A1段发育不良或缺如而目前尚无动脉瘤患者,应随访CTA,警惕动脉瘤形成。
目前数字减影血管造影仍是诊断颅内动脉瘤的“金标准”,但该检查有创,存在禁忌证较多、风险高,许多患者不愿接受此项检查。而CTA检查无创、方便,CTA对颅内单发动脉瘤检出率可达到与DSA相媲美的水平[4,5],但用于颅内多发动脉瘤诊断时容易漏诊,如吕发金等[6]报道CTA用于诊断118例共145个动脉瘤时漏诊的6个动脉瘤均属于多发动脉瘤患者中部分动脉瘤,均为微小动脉瘤,且全部为非责任动脉瘤。同时,CTA对动脉瘤的正确检出受动脉瘤部位的影响,如Pradilla[7]曾报道CTA漏诊的动脉瘤绝大多数位于颈内动脉海绵窦段及大脑中动脉,且漏诊的动脉瘤均较小(1~5mm)。当前,对于CTA检查阴性的患者,仍有必要进一步行DSA检查。对CTA阳性病例也应进一步行DSA检查以免遗留其他部位的微小动脉瘤。
目前评估颅内动脉瘤破裂风险主要从以下方面进行:①动脉瘤大小、部位及形态:日本一项研究[8]以3~4mm动脉瘤作为参考,5~6mm、7~9mm、10~24mm及≥25mm破裂危险系数分别为1.13、3.35、9.09、76.26,并指出前、后交通动脉瘤、含有子囊的动脉瘤易于破裂。并且小动脉瘤在破裂动脉瘤中也占到一定的的比例,如Dolati[9]等研究纳入123例患者,其中37%患者破裂的动脉瘤均小于5mm。Mehan等[10]研究证实具有多分叶形态是预测动脉瘤破裂风险的独立危险因素。李剑秋[11]等研究也指出,颅内动脉瘤的瘤体长度、瘤颈宽度和子囊形成是动脉瘤破裂的危险因素,瘤体越长、瘤颈越小及有子囊形成,则动脉瘤破裂风险越大。②动脉瘤相关径线比值及角度有关:Dhar[12]指出动脉瘤最大高度/载瘤动脉平均直径(Size ratio,SR)与动脉瘤倾斜角度(动脉瘤长轴与动脉瘤瘤颈所在平面的夹角)是动脉瘤破裂风险大小较好的预测指标。Lin等[13]指出,动脉瘤最大垂直高度/瘤颈宽度(Aspect ratio,AR)、血流角度以及载瘤动脉与其分支夹角在预测动脉瘤破裂风险方面的价值大于动脉瘤大小的价值。Backes等[14]研究颅内多发动脉瘤患者破裂与未破裂动脉瘤后指出动脉瘤颈/体比≥1.3是动脉瘤破裂的独立危险因素。③动脉瘤生长:Villablanca[15]等用CTA随访无症状未破裂动脉瘤,研究得出,生长的颅内未破裂动脉瘤破裂风险是未生长动脉瘤的12倍。Zylkowski[16]等研究也指出生长较快的动脉瘤易破裂。得益于影像学技术的发展,未破裂动脉瘤检出人数正在增长。当前评估动脉瘤破裂风险大小的相关参数可以通过CTA直接或间接获得,且可综合参考以上指标,为临床治疗提供一定的参考价值。但目前对用于预测动脉瘤破裂风险的相关参数界定值国内外研究尚不统一,究竟将这些参数值界定在何种程度才能更好地预测动脉瘤破裂风险还有待进一步大样本研究。
CTA主要有三种重建技术:表面遮盖法重建(Surfaceshade display,SSD)、最大密度投影重建(Maximum intensity projection,MIP)及容积重建(Volume rendering,VR)。SSD可用于显示血管的三维空间结构。MIP为能显示血管壁及瘤颈部钙化、动脉瘤血栓形成,能清晰显示某些DSA未能清晰显示的瘤颈。VR技术是可对瘤颈多角度旋转,使其对瘤颈的宽度、位置及形态显示更佳。在实际应用中,MIP及VR应用最多。Nakabayashi等[17]在对54例破裂动脉瘤患者进行诊治时,术前通过CTA图像处理得到多层融合图像,不仅可以清晰显示动脉瘤信息,同时还可以获得有关载瘤动脉、静脉系统、脑组织、颅骨以及头皮相关信息,可术前多次模拟手术入路,选择最佳手术入路,降低术中副损伤。在解剖结构复杂区域,CTA提供信息量多的优点更易体现,而且这方面是DSA无法展现的,如Inoue等[18]对颈内动脉床突段及海绵窦段动脉瘤进行诊治时,CTA诊断与术中发现完全一致,且可同时显示周围组织及骨性结构。其他有关研究[19,20]也证实了CTA在动脉瘤术前准备中的重要作用。同时,CTA检查还可缩短术前准备时间,在一定程度上为治疗赢得时间,降低再出血率,改善预后[21]。
脑血管痉挛是动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后常见并发症之一,Dankbaar等[22]研究表明严重脑血管痉挛患者发生迟发性脑缺血(Delayed cerebral ischemia,DCI)风险高于无脑血管痉挛者。Tsutsumi等[23]研究54例重度脑血管痉挛患者中46%发生脑梗死,明显高于轻中度脑血管痉挛患者。因此,对脑血管痉挛早期诊断及治疗就显得重要。当前,CTA可用于诊断脑血管痉挛,Yoon等[24,25]指出CTA可通过显示脑实质的密度、脑动脉显影时间、血管直径及数量,判断血管痉挛的严重程度。Hebert等[26]也指出CTA用于诊断脑血管痉挛时与DSA相比,具有较好一致性,但CTA在诊断前循环脑血管痉挛时可能高估脑血管痉挛程度。CTA检查可与CT灌注成像(CT perfusion,CTP)一并进行,CTP常用参数指标包括:脑血流量(cerebral blood flow,CBF)、脑血容量(cerebral blood volume,CBV)、平均通过时间(mean transit time,MTT)及达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)。CTA联合CTP不仅可检测蛛血患者脑血管痉挛程度,还可以同时了解脑微循环的改变[27],协助诊断脑缺血。一篇meta分析[28]指出CTP评估脑血管痉挛的参数中,MTT具有较高的敏感度(91%),CBF具有较高的特异度(93%)。Hickmann等[29]研究报道TTP是预测脑梗死的一个敏感且特异的指标,可用于有脑血管痉挛高风险的患者,在临床症状恶化之前早期治疗。Cremers等[30]指出:DCI的发生与CBF下降及MTT增加有关,CTP可以用于诊断DCI,但并不能用于预测DCI,而Sanelli等[31]认为MTT和CBF预测DCI准确率较高,并进一步指出用于诊断DCI时,CBF和MTT阈值分别为350mL/(kg.min)、5.5s。有关研究[32]还指出,CTP可以用于判断大脑梗死灶与缺血半暗带缺血程度,以便于决定是否行再灌注治疗。CTP亦可用于协助判断预后,如Honda等[33]纳入94例患者,研究得出Hunt-Hess分级II-III级的患者与Hunt-Hess分级IV-V级的患者相比,CBF值较高,MTT值较低;预后良好与预后较差的患者相比,CBF值较高,MTT值较低。同时CTP在手术决策方面也有一定指导作用,Kunert研究[34]指出,对Hunt-Hess分级IV且脑灌注正常或仅有局部异常患者,应积极手术干预,然而,对Hunt-Hess分级V且大脑半球甚至全脑灌注异常患者,不建议积极手术。
颅内动脉瘤夹闭术后复发率虽较低,但夹闭后仍可能有一部分患者因各种原因致瘤颈甚至瘤体残留。即使动脉瘤夹闭完全的病例仍有可能因动脉瘤复发或新生破裂导致再发蛛网膜下腔出血。Kunert[35]等对119例共143个动脉瘤随访3~11年(平均6年),4个瘤颈残留,1个瘤夹滑脱,1个再出血,另6个夹闭不满意动脉瘤中2个再次行手术治疗,14例出现新发动脉瘤19个。Zali[36]等对119例患者行CTA随访,5例出现新发动脉瘤,其中4例再发蛛网膜下腔出血,占再次出现蛛网膜下腔出血的1/2。因此,有必要对动脉瘤术后患者进行长期随访。CTA用于动脉瘤术后随访,具有简便、快捷、易于接受、准确率高及费用低等优点,用于了解动脉瘤有无复发及新生、瘤颈有无残留、载瘤动脉有无狭窄等[37-40]。早期,相关文献[41,42]指出使用钴夹夹闭动脉瘤时,若术后存在残留,进行CTA检查时容易漏诊,而使用钛夹的患者,若术后存在残留,CTA可以较满意地显示瘤颈残留。随着动脉瘤夹质量的不断改进,瘤夹对CTA显示瘤颈残留的影响已经很小。
随着CT技术的不断进步,CTA在颅内动脉瘤诊治中将发挥更大的作用。但实际运用中,应考虑到CTA具有一定局限性,CTA图像为重建图像,个人技术及参数设置对图像质量存在一定影响,同时CTA不能动态反映血流方向及优势供血,对细小血管显示能力较差等缺点,必要时仍需行DSA检查。
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R651.1+2
2015-08-21)
A
(责任编辑:甘章平)
10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2015.10.013
*重庆医科大学附属第一医院神经外科(重庆 400016)