·综述·
慢性完全闭塞性病变血运重建后临床获益的影响因素
刘鑫王齐兵
(复旦大学附属中山医院心内科, 上海200032)
Factors Influencing on Clinical Benefit after Chronic Total Occlusion RevascularizationLIUXinWANGQibing
DepartmentofCardiology,ZhongshanHospital,FudanUniversity,Shanghai200032,China
慢性完全闭塞(chronic total occlusion,CTO)是指冠状动脉在粥样硬化的基础上由于血栓形成、机化导致其管腔完全闭塞,且闭塞的病程超过3个月。CTO冠状动脉造影靶血管前向血流消失,心肌梗死溶栓治疗临床试验(TIMI)分级为0级或1级,0级为绝对性CTO,1级为功能性CTO[1]。国外有文献[2]报道,CTO在冠心病患者中的发生率约为18.4%;64%CTO的患者选择药物治疗,26%选择冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG),10%选择冠状动脉介入术(PCI)。研究[3-6]证实,CTO病变开通后可以带来多项临床获益,包括患者左心室功能、生命质量(SAQ量表)、心绞痛等改善,生存率提高,但心肌活性、缺血程度、侧枝循环等因素可影响CTO血运重建的获益率。选择获益率较高的患者群进行CTO血运重建治疗可降低医疗费用、减少并发症,进而提高获益率。
1影响CTO血运重建治疗获益率的因素
1.1心肌活性多项研究[5,7-10]表明,CTO病变开通后左室射血分数(LVEF)提高,并且提高程度随着心肌活性的下降而下降,CTO病变血管支配区域无陈旧性心肌梗死但存在左心室功能减退的患者LVEF提高更明显。研究[10]表明,CTO血运重建后LVEF的改善与MRI强化透壁梗死范围(transmural extent of infarction,TEI)的基线值相关;TEI<25%时,CTO-PCI后病变局部室壁厚度(segmental wall thickeness,SWT)增加、心肌节段收缩功能明显改善;TEI >75%时,PCI后SWT、心肌节段收缩功能改善不明显;TEI 为25%~75%时,收缩功能改善率较小。而另有研究[5, 11]综合应用MRI中的多项指标如TEI、SWT、多巴酚丁胺负荷MRI等评估心肌活性,并选择适于进行CTO-PCI的患者,发现术后左心室功能的改善率提高。MRI多项指标联合应用在TEI 为25%~75%患者的心肌活性评估中显得尤为重要。但一项小样本研究[12]表明,即使CTO病变支配区域缺乏活性心肌,CTO血运重建治疗仍可带来临床获益,CTO-PCI治疗可轻度提高LVEF,减小左心室舒张末期容积。总之,心肌活性对于CTO血运重建治疗后的获益十分重要,存活心肌的数量与临床获益相关。当CTO病变血管支配区域存活心肌范围较大时,应更加积极地进行血运重建治疗。
1.2心肌缺血程度心肌缺血程度与心肌活性紧密相关。一般存在心绞痛等临床症状及运动试验阳性常提示心肌缺血,同时提示缺血局部存在活性心肌,这是因为心肌存活是心肌缺血的前提,无临床症状可能意味着心肌已完全坏死,而心肌梗死后的瘢痕组织不会引起心绞痛等症状。不合并其他冠状动脉狭窄的单支冠状动脉CTO者,可由临床症状及运动试验来推断心肌缺血程度。但若患者存在其他冠状动脉病变时,则不能确定临床症状是由哪支病变血管引起的,不能仅根据临床症状的轻重来判断心肌活性及心肌缺血程度,行经冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)前需行核素灌注扫描、负荷超声心动图、心脏MRI等检查,以进一步明确CTO病变血管支配区域的心肌缺血程度。目前常用静息和负荷时的心肌灌注程度来评估心肌缺血程度,无灌注缺陷提示不存在心肌缺血,可逆性灌注缺陷提示存在心肌缺血,而不可逆的灌注缺损常提示存在瘢痕组织[13]。值得注意的是,如急性心肌梗死后再灌注治疗较晚,导致心肌完全坏死,核素灌注显像等检查可能正常,但增强心脏MRI检查不能发现存活心肌[5]时,此时行CTO血运重建治疗的临床获益可能不大。一项研究[14]对成功实施前降支PCI的CTO患者按照术前核素显像的结果进行分层分析,发现不论是可逆性灌注缺陷还是不可逆性灌注缺陷,术后1年均有明显临床获益,其中可逆性灌注缺陷组的获益更大,而术前无灌注缺陷的患者未发现临床获益。另一项研究[15]纳入301例行CTO-PCI的患者,分别于术前和术后(12±3)个月行静息/负荷心肌灌注显像,评估心肌缺血程度,将缺血心肌百分比下降5%定义为有意义的临床获益,发现缺血心肌百分比超过12.5%的患者术后缺血心肌百分比下降较明显,而缺血心肌百分比小于6.5%的患者术后缺血心肌百分比则可能增加。另一项冠状动脉核素显像研究[16]也提示,中重度的心肌缺血(缺血心肌百分比>10%)能从CTO血运重建治疗(CTO-PCI或CABG)中获益,患者生存率提高。因此,冠状动脉CTO患者行CTO-PCI前检查心肌缺血程度是必要的,心肌缺血百分比>10%可作为是否有临床获益可能的切点。
1.3临床症状研究[2]表明,约50%的CTO患者有急性冠状动脉综合征的临床表现,其中呼吸困难比胸痛更常见、更特异;13%的患者无症状或仅有轻微临床症状(加拿大心血管学会劳力型心绞痛分级0或1级);>50%的患者左心室功能正常,17%的患者有严重的左心室功能减退。研究[17]发现,有临床症状的CTO患者中CTO-PCI成功组的心绞痛发作频率、活动耐力、生命质量比CTO-PCI失败组改善明显;而在无临床症状的CTO患者中,CTO-PCI成功与否和心绞痛发作频率、活动耐力、生命质量无明显相关性。但该项研究中治疗失败组的抗心绞痛药物应用量低于治疗成功组,这可能影响试验结果的准确性。对于无临床症状或临床症状轻微的冠状动脉CTO患者的临床获益尚需进一步的研究。对于无明显临床症状的CTO患者,心肌梗死、心源性死亡、靶血管再次血运重建等指标或许能更客观地评价CTO-PCI的临床获益。因此,对于临床症状较明显的CTO患者,应更积极地进行CTO血运重建治疗;而对于无临床症状的CTO患者,是否行PCI治疗应参考心肌活性、心肌缺血程度等指标。
1.4侧枝循环侧枝循环的形成是机体对CTO病变的代偿性改变。在存在明显血流动力学改变的动脉粥样硬化病变患者中,约有35%可以形成良好的侧枝循环[18-19]。侧枝循环的形成与多种因素有关,如C1q/TNF相关蛋白、血清趋化因子、炎性反应等都可能影响侧枝循环的形成[20]。但是,侧枝循环的形成不能为CTO病变血管支配区域心肌提供足够的血供,易出现心肌缺血[21-22]。有研究[7]表明,良好的侧枝循环与相应区域的心肌活性无相关性,而良好的微循环对于心肌活性的作用可能更大;但由于微血管的管径较小,冠状动脉造影常不能显示。研究[22]对CTO患者行血流储备分数(fractional flow reserve,FFR)检查,结果表明,病变相应区域不论是否存在广泛的侧枝循环、CTO病变位置如何、无创检查结果是否阳性,大多存在明显的血流动力学改变及心肌缺血,良好的侧枝循环不能为心肌提供足够的血供。良好的侧枝循环还可能增加心血管不良事件的风险,比如发生急性心肌梗死时,常出现更大面积的梗死和更高水平的心肌酶升高,从而更易导致心源性休克[23]。因此,不能依据是否存在良好的侧枝循环来决定是否行CTO血运重建治疗,但较好的侧枝血管为PCI中逆向导引钢丝技术提供了可能,提高了CTO-PCI的成功率。
1.5CTO病变位置研究[2]表明,约47%的CTO位于右冠状动脉,20%位于前降支,16%位于左旋支,有17%的患者CTO病变出现在多支冠状动脉;多数CTO病变位于冠状动脉的近端或中段。有两项研究发现CTO病变位置与患者预后有关。一项研究[24]纳入2 608例行CTO-PCI治疗的患者,随访5年,发现只有前降支CTO病变患者中CTO-PCI成功组生存率比失败组高,而右冠状动脉及左旋支CTO病变患者中两组生存率差异无统计学意义。另一项研究[25]纳入1 734例患者,发现前降支和左旋支CTO病变患者中CTO-PCI成功组生存率均高于失败组,而右冠状动脉CTO病变患者中两组生存率差异无统计学意义。产生上述差异的可能原因有:(1)前降支CTO病变可以引起心脏自主神经紊乱,而自主神经紊乱如副交感神经活性增强可增加室性心律失常的发生率,而开通前降支CTO血管后可以改善心脏自主神经功能并减少室速、室颤等严重心律失常的发生,进而提高患者生存率[26];(2)前降支血管支配心肌范围较广,对心脏功能的影响更大。
1.6心肌梗死在ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者中,约10%合并非梗死血管的CTO病变,此类患者常存在多支冠状动脉病变。非梗死血管的CTO病变常与STEMI患者的不良预后相关;且伴非梗死血管CTO病变者常伴更多的合并症、心血管危险因素,心肌酶及心肌坏死程度也高于不合并CTO病变的患者。在TAPAS和HORIZONS-AMI试验的子研究中发现,合并非梗死血管CTO病变的STEMI患者ST段回落程度、心肌灌注显像、治疗后梗死相关血管的TIMI血流分级均明显差于不合并CTO病变的患者[27-29]。在非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者中也有类似的报道[30]。虽然已有研究[31-34]证明,完全性血运重建治疗较不完全性血运重建能更好地提高患者的生存率、改善其临床症状,但是,CTO-PCI治疗的难度较大、手术时间较长,在急性心肌梗死患者中直接PCI对非梗死相关血管CTO病变行血运重建治疗能否带来临床获益,以及对该类患者是选择PCI治疗还是CABG治疗,目前尚无定论。
1.7冠状动脉多支病变CTO常出现在有多支冠状动脉病变的患者中,而CTO-PCI的临床获益可能与患者病变血管数量及病变程度相关。有研究[9, 35-36]表明,只有1处CTO病变的单支血管病变患者的病死率低,而病死率与CTO-PCI的成功与否无关;CTO合并冠状动脉多支病变的患者中,CTO-PCI成功组的生存率明显高于失败组。也有研究[37]表明,对于CTO合并冠状动脉多支病变的患者,完全血运重建治疗可以提高生存率;仅1支CTO病变血管且未开通的患者的病死率没有增加;而1支非CTO病变血管未治疗的患者或2支血管(不论其是否为CTO病变)未治疗的患者,其病死率均增加。研究[38-39]表明,在行左主干病变PCI治疗的患者中,合并右冠状动脉CTO病变者的长期预后明显差于右冠状动脉正常或右冠状动脉非CTO病变的患者;并且,在合并左主干非CTO病变的患者中,右冠状动脉CTO-PCI成功组的病死率低于失败组或未治疗组。这些研究提示,CTO合并存在其他需要血运重建治疗的冠脉血管时,CTO病变血管的血运重建可进一步提高临床获益。因此,当合并有多支血管病变时,尤其对于合并有左主干病变的右冠状动脉CTO病变,可优先处理CTO病变,后期再处理非CTO病变,以进一步提高临床获益,降低PCI手术风险,这也是临床上常用的PCI治疗策略。
2CTO病变治疗方案的选择
目前,CTO病变患者中,约64%选择药物治疗,26%选择CABG,10%选择PCI治疗。虽然目前多项临床研究证实CTO病变开通后可以带来左心室功能、生命质量(SAQ量表)、心绞痛改善及生存率提高等多项临床获益,但由于这些研究为回顾性研究,并且大多未提供患者详细的药物治疗情况,且进行药物治疗者未采用最佳治疗方案和药物剂量,所以,CTO病变的血运重建治疗相对于最佳药物治疗的获益尚存在争议。而CABG、CTO-PCI技术要求较高,费用高,且存在一定风险。因此,对于CTO病变,目前多数患者选择药物治疗。
CABG和PCI均可以改善CTO患者的临床预后,但研究[40-41]显示,CABG比CTO-PCI的成功率略高,尤其是在心脏外科与介入治疗狭窄冠状动脉研究评分(SYNTAX评分)、日本CTO病变多中心注册研究评分(J-CTO评分)为中重度病变的患者中。另有研究[4,35,42]表明,CABG术后的靶血管再次血运重建治疗(target vessel revascularization,TVR)不良事件发生率低于CTO-PCI术后。因此多项临床指南对于复杂血管病变、多支血管病变、左主干冠状动脉病变等仍优先推荐CABG治疗[43]。但是,近年来随着CTO专用导管、导丝的出现,逆向导引钢丝技术的应用以及术者技术经验的提升,CTO-PCI的成功率也明显提高。
3小结
多项因素可影响CTO病变经血运重建治疗的获益率,这些因素包括心肌活性、心肌缺血程度、临床症状、侧枝循环、病变位置、是否合并冠状动脉多支病变、是否合并心肌梗死等。对于CTO病变,是选择最佳药物治疗还是血运重建治疗,目前仍无定论。在选择CTO治疗方案时需综合评估上述影响因素,并选择血运重建获益率较高的患者行CTO血运重建治疗。当决定行血运重建治疗时,需进一步根据病变复杂程度、SYNTAX评分、J-CTO评分、患者全身情况等决定选择CABG还是CTO-PCI。
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通讯作者王齐兵,E-mail:wang.qibing@zs-hospital.sh.cn