朱小川 储德节 洪燕 胡辛 俞静 庄远非 方子睿
(上海市第八人民医院呼吸科, 上海 200235)
·论著·
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与高血压的相关性及危险因素分析
朱小川储德节洪燕胡辛俞静庄远非方子睿
(上海市第八人民医院呼吸科, 上海200235)
摘要目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与高血压的关系及其危险因素,为预防和治疗OSAHS合并高血压提供依据。方法: 选择OSAHS患者共108例,记录一般情况,测定患者22∶00和8∶00的血压,检测血脂水平。根据呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)将108例患者分为3组。轻度组:5次/h≤AHI<15次/h,31例;中度组:15次/h≤AHI<40次/h,36例;重度组:AHI≥40次/h,41例。比较各组的血压水平。根据OSAHS患者是否合并高血压,将患者分为单纯OSAHS组及OSAHS合并高血压组。通过单因素分析筛选与OSAHS合并高血压相关的因素,然后进行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果: (1)108例OSAHS患者中合并高血压60例(55.6%),其中轻度组15例(48.4%,15/31),中度组19例(52.8%,19/36),重度组26例(63.4%,26/41);3组间高血压的患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组间22∶00和8∶00的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。重度组22∶00和8∶00 SBP、DBP明显高于轻度组(P<0.05),重度组22∶00和8∶00 SBP明显高于中度组(P<0.05)。(2)单因素分析结果显示,OSAHS合并高血压组的年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟率、腹围、AHI、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均高于单纯OSAHS组(P<0.05),而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)低于单纯OSAHS组( P<0.05)。(3)多因素Logistic回归结果显示,BMI、AHI、TC为OSAHS合并高血压的危险因素。结论: OSAHS患者高血压的水平与其病情严重程度具有一致性,而BMI、AHI、TC为OSAHS合并高血压的危险因素。
关键词阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征;高血压;危险因素;相关性
Analysis of Correlation between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome and Hypertension and Risk FactorsZHUXiaochuanCHUDejieHONGYanHUXinYUJingZHUANGYuanfeiFANGZiruiShanghaiEighthPeople’sHospital,Shanghai200235,China
AbstractObjective: To investigate the correlation between obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and hypertension and its risk factors, so as to provide basis for prevention and treatment of OSAHS accompanied by hypertension. Methods: A total of 108 OSAHS patients were enrolled and the general conditions were recorded. The blood pressure at 22∶00 before sleep and that at 8∶00. next morning was determined routinely, and the blood lipid level was detected. According to apnea hypoapnea index (AHI), the patients were divided into three groups, the mild group (5/h≤AHI<15/h) with 31 cases, the moderate group (15/h≤AHI<40/h) with 36 cases, and the severe group (AHI ≥40 /h) with 41 cases. The levels of blood pressure were compared among the groups. According to whether OSAHS was accompanied by hypertension, the patients were divided into simple OSAHS group and OSAHS accompanied by hypertension group. The relevant factors associated with OSAHS accompanied by hypertension were screened out by single factor analysis, and then the multiple Logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: (1)Among 108 patients with OSAHS,60 cases(55.6%) were accompanied by hypertension, including 15 cases of mild group(48.4%, 15/31), 19 cases of moderate group (52.8%, 19/36), and 26 cases of severe group(63.4%, 26/41). There was no significant difference regarding the prevalence rate of hypertension among the three groups (P>0.05). There were significant differences regarding systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at 22∶00 and 8∶00 among the three groups (P<0.05); SBP and DBP at 22∶00 and 8∶00 in severe group were significantly higher than those in mild group (P<0.05). SBP at 22∶00 and 8∶00 in severe group was significantly higher than that in moderate group (P<0.05).(2) Single factor analysis showed that age, body mass index(BMI), smoking rate, abdominal circumference, AHI, total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in OSAHS accompanied by hypertension group were significantly higher than those in simple OSAHS group, while HDL-C was significantly lower than that in simple OSAHS group (P<0.05). (3) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI, AHI, TC were the risk factors for OSAHS accompanied by hypertension. Conclusions: The level of blood pressure in patients with OSAHS was accordance with the disease severity, while BMI, AHI, TC were the risk factors for OSAHS accompanied by hypertension.
Key WordsObstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome;Hypertension;Risk factor;Correlation
阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstruc-tive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome, OSAHS)是一组睡眠期疾病,主要原因为睡眠中反复发生上气道阻塞而引起呼吸暂停和低通气,进而导致低氧血症、高碳酸血症和睡眠结构紊乱。OSAHS患者表现为白天嗜睡、合并心脑血管疾病甚至多脏器损害。OSAHS与高血压之间存在密切关系[1]。汪迎春等[2]报道, 30%~50%OSAHS患者合并高血压,而70%的顽固性高血压患者存在OSAHS。本研究比较了不同程度OSAHS患者的血压及相关生化指标之间的差异,并分析了OSAHS合并高血压的危险因素。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料选择2013年1月—2015年3月在我院呼吸科经多导睡眠图(polysomnogram,PSG)监测后诊断为OSAHS的108例患者,其中男性83例,女性25例;年龄37~76岁,平均年龄(53.4±9.8)岁。根据临床及实验室检查结果排除卒中、糖尿病、肝肾功能障碍等严重疾病,剔除有哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病的患者,入选患者在入院前均未经过OSAHS规范治疗。
根据中华医学会的OSAHS诊断标准和病情分度标准[3]对108例患者分组。轻度组:5次/h≤呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)<15次/h,31例;中度组:15次/h≤AHI<40次/h,36例;重度组:AHI≥40次/h,41例。
1.2研究方法患者入院后进行体格检查。记录患者的年龄、性别、身高、体质量、颈围、腹围以及吸烟史、饮酒史和高血压家族史等。患者入院次日晨空腹抽取静脉血,检测血糖(FBG) 、三酰甘油(TG) 、总胆固醇(TC) 、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C) 、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇( LDL-C)等指标。入院当晚应用德国万曼公司的Somnolab2多导睡眠监测系统行PSG检查。患者均于22∶00和次日8∶00用汞柱式血压计测量血压,测量前至少休息5 min,测量2次右上臂肱动脉血压,取平均值。高血压的诊断参照《中国高血压防治指南》(2010年)的诊断标准:未用降压药物且非同日3次测量血压,收缩压≥140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg。
2结果
2.1各组高血压发生率及血压水平比较108例OSAHS患者中合并高血压者60例(55.6%),其中轻度组15例(48.4%,15/31),中度组19例(52.8%,19/36),重度组26例(63.4%,26/41),3组间高血压患病率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组间22∶00和8∶00的SBP、DBP比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度组22∶00和8∶00的SBP、DBP明显高于轻度组(P<0.05),重度组22∶00和8∶00的SBP明显高于中度组(P<0.05)。见表1。
2.2OSAHS合并高血压的相关指标分析根据OSAHS患者是否合并高血压,将患者分为单纯OSAHS组(n=48)及OSAHS合并高血压组(n=60)。OSAHS合并高血压组的年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、吸烟比例、腹围、AHI、TC、TG及LDL-C均明显高于单纯OSAHS组(P<0.05),而HDL-C明显低于单纯OSAHS组(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3OSAHS合并高血压的危险因素分析以OSAHS患者是否发生高血压作为因变量,其中未合并高血压定义为“0”,而合并高血压定义为“1”;将单因素分析显示有意义的变量即年龄、BMI、吸烟、腹围、AHI、TC、TG、LDL-C及HDL-C作为自变量,采用逐步回归法对各变量进行分析。多因素Logistic回归模型显示,BMI、AHI、TC为OSAHS合并高血压发病的危险因素。见表3。
表1 各组患者高血压的发生率及血压水平比较
注:与重度组比较,*P<0.05
表2 OSAHS合并高血压的相关指标分析
表3 多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果
注:OR为优势比;95%CI为95%可信区间
3讨论
OSAHS与高血压密切相关。有研究[4-5]表明,OSAHS是除性别、年龄、饮酒、精神紧张及心、肾疾病外引起高血压的独立危险因素;美国国家联合委员会第7次报告提出,将OSAHS列于继发性高血压发病原因的首位。然而,关于OSAHS 导致高血压的原因及其机制,目前尚未完全清楚。本研究的108例OSAHS患者中高血压的患病率为55.6%,轻度组、中度组、重度组高血压的患病率分别为48.4%、52.8%、63.4%。虽然3组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但高血压的患病率有随着OSAHS的严重程度而不断升高的趋势,今后有待通过大样本研究进一步论证。OSAHS发生的病理生理机制为:睡眠过程中反复发生的呼吸暂停和低通气引起低氧血症和高碳酸血症,进而刺激中枢和心血管化学感受器,使交感神经兴奋[6]。缺氧和交感神经兴奋可引起夜间频繁的暂时性血压升高,早期表现为晨醒血压升高,长期则导致血管结构改变,引起高血压。本研究对108例OSAHS患者测定22∶00和8∶00的血压。结果显示,3组不同严重程度的OSAHS患者比较,22∶00和8∶00的SBP、DBP的组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);重度组22∶00和8∶00的SBP、DBP明显高于轻度组,重度组22∶00和8∶00的SBP明显高于中度组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
OSAHS与性别、年龄、肥胖、家族史、吸烟、饮酒及颅面畸形等有关[7],但关于OSAHS合并高血压的危险因素国内外报道较少。本研究中的多元回归分析结果显示,BMI、AHI、TC为OSAHS合并高血压发病的危险因素。BMI是衡量人体胖瘦程度的指标。肥胖患者颈部和下颌部的脂肪组织较厚,导致患者口咽部及喉咽部的腔外压增高,因此吸气时咽部容易塌陷。Hu等[8]将727例OSAHS患者按照BMI分为3组(BMI<25,n=201;25≤BMI<29.99,n=388;BMI≥30,n=138);共有244(33.6%)例患者合并高血压,BMI<25、25≤BMI<29.99、BMI≥30组患者高血压的患病率分别为24.9%(50/201)、33.2%(129/388)和47.1%(65/138);BMI与OSAHS患者高血压的发生明显正相关。威斯康辛队列研究[9]显示,AHI≥15次/h的OSAHS患者发生高血压的风险增加3倍。Li等[10]将1 149例OSAHS疑似患者根据AHI分成10组,结果显示,AHI与舒张压、收缩压正相关(r分别为0.239和0.305,P<0.01);随着OSAHS病情的加重,高血压发病率明显升高,并在AHI 30次/h和50次/h处出现两个明显截点。本研究显示,OSAHS合并高血压患者的血浆TC水平明显升高。研究[11]证实,高血压患者可出现血脂代谢异常,而血脂水平升高是高血压的独立危险因子。Toyama等[12]报道,AHI与血TG水平明显正相关,而睡眠持续时间与血TC、LDL水平明显负相关。大量动物及临床试验证据表明,OSAHS可以导致血脂代谢发生改变,主要表现为TC、LDL及TG的升高[13]。本研究中单因素分析显示,年龄、吸烟、腹围、TG、LDL-C及HDL-C是OSAHS合并高血压的危险因素,但多因素分析并未将它们纳入Logistic回归模型,这一结果可能与入选患者的样本量偏少有关,有待今后进一步进行大样本研究。
综上所述,OSAHS患者高血压的水平与OSAHS病情严重程度有一致性,而BMI、AHI、TC为OSAHS患者合并高血压的危险因素。因此,应在OSAHS患者中加强预防和治疗高血压,控制相关危险因素,以降低OSAHS合并高血压的发病率。
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