滕岳
胃食管反流病是一个全科门诊常见病,也是全科转消化科的常见病。胃食管反流病有很多症状和体征,其中许多具有非特异性,这就造成胃食管反流病临床诊断的简单化和多样化。许多成人会有食管反流症状,少数胃食管反流患者又可以有严重并发症,这也造成胃食管反流病的治疗和预后的复杂化。作为一名在美国中小型城市行医的家庭医师在此对该病进行探讨。
对于一个临床医师而言胃食管反流病的定义看似简单,然而目前却没有统一的概念[1-2]。普遍共识的是:胃内容物反流到食管造成症状和/或并发症[1,3]。临床诊断到目前还没有一个公认的诊断标准,不同的专业医师协会、医院都有其指南[1-2,4-6]。总之,患者有一个或多个典型症状,且症状造成对患者生活的影响或并发症,给予治疗后症状有好转是比较典型和容易的诊断[7]。很多患者会自我诊断和治疗[8],对临床研究有一定影响。GerdQ 或RDQ 可以使诊断系统化和规范化[5,9-13]。很多临床医师还延用1999 年ACG诊断治疗流程图[4,6]。
对于有非典型症状和/或有危险症状患者,辅助检查的重要性就体现出来了[2,7]。胃镜很多情况下可以帮助诊断。食管pH 监测也可被广泛接受[14]。但所有患者都做胃镜或pH 监测则会造成不必要资源浪费,且不能改变群体诊断和并发症控制[1-2,4-5,15-16]。胃镜还是建议对疑难患者,怀疑严重并发症患者和治疗效果不佳患者使用[7]。
食管反流常见症状有胸骨后灼热和反酸[1-3,5],但其相关性和特异性很不确定。其原因主要是没有公认的定义和标准,且与患者对症状的主观性有关。其它症状和综合征有很多,对相关综合征的研究也在进行[3,17]。其中慢性咳嗽在门诊较常见,如果患者主要症状是咳嗽,而哮喘、上呼吸道感染和气管炎都排除或治疗效果不好时胃食管反流病很可能是病因[17-19]。胸痛在急诊常见,如果胸痛已排除心源性,胃镜和/或pH 监测就成为帮助诊断的必要手段。在胃镜和/或pH监测确诊后使用PPI 可以提高有效率[2,20]。当有肿瘤的报警症状时胃镜可以帮助诊断Barrett 食管和食管癌[7,21-22]。
很多人都会有胃食管反流病的症状。北美、欧洲较亚洲地区发病率高,亚洲发病率一般低于10%[2-3,23-25],但由于人口基数大,有症状的人群中只有部分患者前去就医。在北美有几种H2受体阻滞剂和质子泵抑制剂是不需要处方的。少部分患者会有Barrett 食管,其中少数不幸的患者会发展成肿瘤[16]。对患者群体发病率、症状、体征,特别是具有群体特异性的症状了解会对诊断有很大帮助。国家、地区、医院的区别是另一个重要因素。如果在一个区域性上级医院大多数患者都是常规治疗效果不好或怀疑并发症患者,并发症率和肿瘤率当然会有很大增加。这时常规治疗流程图是需要调整的。
从教课书、指南中都不难知道,生活习惯改变、抬高体位睡觉、减轻体重、抗酸药、H2RA、PPI、外科手术是治疗食管反流的手段。多数情况下,患者配合改变生活习惯,抬高体位睡觉,减轻体重和口服药治疗可以控制病情[2]。服用H2RA或PPI 可以帮助多数患者,PPI 疗效较H2RA 更好一些,可以先使用H2RA,如果几周内无效则换PPI。许多保险公司会要求先使用H2RA,无效后再使用PPI。如果患者条件允许可以先使用PPI。在治疗4 ~8 周后需要调整治疗方案。但一个很重要的影响治疗的因素是患者不能坚持完成疗程[26]。对治疗效果不好或病情长期反复的患者,利用辅助检查和专科会诊是必须的步骤。只有少数有长期症状的患者需要外科治疗。
大多数患者预后都很好[21,27]。运用一些预后估计法会对治疗效果有一定预测[5,10]。Barrett 食管和食管癌是较严重的并发症。有胃食管反流病症状的患者长段Barrett 食管的发病率会增加几乎5 倍[28],而食管癌发病率也有5 ~7 倍增加[29],但绝对发病率都很低。对怀疑Barrett 食管炎和食管癌的患者胃镜是很好的诊断工具。对有胃食管反流病症状的患者,胃镜诊断无食管癌后,食管癌发病率在短期内很低[9,30]。
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