癫痫患者骨密度改变的性别差异及相关影响因素分析

2014-12-25 00:57杨帆等
中国现代医生 2014年33期
关键词:性别差异骨密度癫痫

杨帆等

[摘要] 目的 评价癫痫患者骨密度及骨代谢相关指标的改变,探讨癫痫患者骨代谢异常的性别差异及其相关影响因素,旨在为临床治疗提供依据。方法 入选110例女性癫痫患者及96例男性癫痫患者进行观察,并设立健康女性45例及健康男性40例作对照。收集癫痫患者相关临床资料,对各组分别测定骨密度及骨代谢相关生化指标,并进行统计学分析。 结果 癫痫组骨密度异常比例及甲状旁腺素均较健康对照组升高,女性癫痫组骨密度异常比例高于男性癫痫组(均P<0.05)。影响因素分析中,年龄、药程、药物数量、癫痫发作对骨密度均有负面作用(均P<0.05),年龄对女性患者骨密度影响更加明显,病程、药物种类仅对女性患者骨密度影响显著。多因素回归分析显示,年龄、病程、药物数量是女性患者骨质异常的危险因素,而药程、药物数量是男性患者骨质异常的危险因素(均P<0.05)。 结论 癫痫病及抗癫痫药(AEDs)均影响患者骨密度,并可继发甲状旁腺功能亢进。女性患者骨密度异常比例高于男性患者,且骨质异常的影响因素更多,在临床治疗中应给予更多的关注。

[关键词] 癫痫;骨密度;抗癫痫药物;性别差异

[中图分类号] R742.1 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2014)33-0009-04

[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the bone mineral density(BMD) and relative biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in patients with epilepsy,to explore influencing factors and gender differences of abnormal bone metabolism in patients with epilepsy,to provide reference data for clinical treatment. Methods A total of 110 female with epilepsy and 96 male with epilepsy were observed, compared to 45 healthy women and 40 healthy men as control groups.Clinical data of patients with epilepsy were collected, BMD and biochemical indicators were measured in the experimental groups and the control groups respectively. The all of the data were analyzed by statistical methods. Results Incidence of low BMD and the parathyroid hormone increased in the patients groups compared to the healthy groups,incidence of low BMD in female patients group was higher than male patients group(P<0.05). Analysis of influencing factors,age、time on treatment、number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and seizures all have adverse impact on BMD(P<0.05). The effect of age on BMD was more visible in female patients group. Significant effect of course and type of AEDs on BMD was only found in female patients group. Mutivariate regression analysis showed,age、course、number of AEDs were risk factors to female patients with abnormal bone metabolism,while time on treatment、number of AEDs were risk factors to male patients(P<0.05). Conclusion Epilepsy and AEDs both have negative impact on BMD, and may lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Incidence of low BMD in female patients group was higher than male patients group, and more influencing factors contribute to abnormal BMD in female patients than male patients, so more attention should be paid to female patients in clinical treatment.

[Key words] Epilepsy; Bone mineral density; Antiepileptic drugs; Gender differences

癫痫是神经科常见的慢性疾病,通过抗癫痫治疗,约70%的患者可控制发作。但长期的药物治疗可带来多种副作用。早在60、70年代的研究即发现抗癫痫药物(AEDs)及痫性发作可影响骨代谢,而后越来越多的研究认为抗痫药物可减低骨密度[1-3],出现骨代谢相关生化指标的改变[4],并有研究证实在抗痫治疗的早期即可监测到这些变化[5]。在普通人群中, 与骨质疏松有关的骨折,男性约50%,女性约70%~80%[6]。癫痫患者比普通人群有更高的骨病发病率[7],因而面临更高的骨折风险,但癫痫患者的骨质问题尚未得到神经科医生的重视,且未有统一预防措施及管理办法制定[8-10]。目前,国内研究多是针对儿童癫痫患者的骨代谢,本文通过评价成人癫痫患者骨密度及生化指标改变,探讨癫痫患者骨代谢异常的性别差异及相关影响因素,为临床治疗提供依据。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

以2012年3月~2014年6月在我院神经内科癫痫门诊长期随诊的206例癫痫患者为研究对象,其中男96例,年龄(38.09±13.65)岁,病程(13.73±12.2)年,BMI(22.38±4.78)kg/m2。女110例,年龄(37.01±13.64)岁,病程(16.11±12.39)年,BMI(22.71±4.2)kg/m2。入选健康人群85例作为对照,其中男40例,年龄(37.16±11.23)岁,BMI(22.31±4.12)kg/m2。女45例,年龄(37.11±12.66)岁,BMI(22.47±3.87)kg/m2;各组间年龄、病程、BMI比较无统计学差异。癫痫诊断符合国际抗癫痫联盟2001年癫痫发作及癫痫病和癫痫综合征诊断标准。癫痫患者入选标准:①年龄在20~60岁;②病程及服药时间均在半年以上;③日常起居、生活饮食正常;④近3个月内无癫痫持续状态。排除标准:①脑性瘫痪和精神发育迟滞患者;②既往患有其他影响骨代谢的疾病,如软骨发育不全、成骨不全、佝偻病等骨骼肌肉疾病,甲状腺或甲状旁腺功能异常、糖尿病、严重的肝肾疾病及心肺疾病;③长期服用激素类及补充维生素D、钙剂的患者;④吸烟酗酒不良嗜好。健康对照组入选标准:年龄在20~60岁,无器质性疾病,未服用影响骨代谢及内分泌的药物。

1.2 方法

对癫痫患者收集基本临床资料,包括一般情况(性别、年龄、体重、身高),癫痫病史,用药及发作控制情况,脑电图及影像学资料。对全部入选者记录其日常饮食、光晒时间、每日平均运动量、烟酒史、其他病史及用药史。

1.3 生化指标测定

癫痫患者及健康人群分别采取晨8时空腹静脉血,采用日本日立公司全自动生化分析仪,测定钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶。血钙测定采用邻甲酚酞络合剂直接比色法,血磷测定采用硫酸亚铁磷钼蓝比色法。血清总碱性磷酸酶测定采用金式法。采用美国DPC公司生产的IMMULITE2000型全自动任选式酶放大化学发光免疫分析系统,测定血清全段甲状旁腺素(iPTH)。

1.4 骨密度测量

采用SONOST 3000超声波BMD测定仪(仪器设定的是亚洲人群的参考值),统一测量受检人右侧足跟。根据中华医学会骨质疏松及骨矿盐分会2005年制定的诊断标准,以T值为诊断标准:骨质正常 T>-1,骨质缺钙 -2.5

1.5 统计学处理

采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行分析处理,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较用方差分析,偏态分布的样本资料以中位数表示,采用秩和检验。计数资料以率表示,组间比较用单向有序列联表分析。多因素分析采用非条件Logistic回归。

2 结果

2.1 骨密度结果比较

见表1。女性癫痫组与健康女性组比较,骨质异常比例升高(P=0.001),男性癫痫组与健康男性组比较,骨质异常比例升高,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.033)。女性癫痫组较男性癫痫组骨质异常比例升高,差异有统计学意义(P=0.048)。健康女性组与健康男性组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.992)。

2.2影响因素分析

见表2。年龄分组显示,骨密度异常比例随年龄增长而增加,女性癫痫组更为明显。女性癫痫组40岁以上骨密度异常率高于40岁以内患者(P<0.01),男性癫痫组中该两组比较(P=0.407)。同年龄组比较,50~60岁年龄组中,女性癫痫组骨质异常比例高于男性癫痫组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.044)。

病程分组显示,女性癫痫组病程15年以上骨密度异常比例高于15年以内,差异有统计学意义(P=0.007)。男性癫痫组中该两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.424)。

AEDs药程分组显示,女性癫痫组及男性癫痫组药程10年以上骨密度异常比例均高于10年以内(女性P=0.005,男性P=0.022),差异均有统计学意义。

药物数量分组显示,女性癫痫组及男性癫痫组的多药治疗组骨密度异常比例均高于单药治疗组(女性P=0.017,男性P=0.007),差异均有统计学意义。

将单药治疗分为肝酶诱导组及非肝酶诱导组,女性癫痫组肝酶诱导组骨质异常比例高于非肝酶诱导组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.045)。男性癫痫组两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.368)。

发作类型分组显示,女性癫痫组及男性癫痫组惊厥型发作骨密度异常比例高于非惊厥型发作(女性P=0.032,男性P=0.027),差异均有统计学意义。惊厥组按发作频率分组中,女性及男性惊厥发作频率>10次/年组骨密度异常比例高于频率≤10次/年组(女性P=0.035,男性P=0.032),差异均有统计学意义。

2.3生化检测结果比较

见表3。癫痫患者血钙、血磷、碱性磷酸酶均在正常范围内,各组比较,血钙、血磷、血碱性磷酸酶差异均无统计学意义。甲状旁腺素各组比较差异有统计学意义,其中女性癫痫组与健康女性比较(P=0.012),男性癫痫组与健康男性比较(P=0.004),差异均有统计学意义。

2.4女性癫痫患者多因素回归分析

癫痫患者不同性别骨密度异常多因素回归分析,将年龄、病程、药程、药物数量、发作类型作为影响因素进行分析,结果见表4、表5。女性患者分析结果纳入了3个影响因素,即病程、年龄和药物数量是其骨密度异常的独立危险因素。男性患者纳入了2个影响因素,即药程和药物数量是其独立危险因素。

3讨论

骨组织是由骨矿物质及骨基质构成的,其中钙磷是骨矿物质中的主要成分。骨代谢包括骨形成和骨吸收,取决于成骨细胞和破骨细胞的成骨及溶骨作用[10]。这种相对作用保持一种动态平衡,一旦平衡被打破,骨代谢就会受到影响。一个骨重塑周期约3个月[9],30岁时,人的骨量达到峰值,并维持至50岁左右。

目前抗癫痫药物对骨密度影响的机制尚不确定,国内外研究支持最多是肝酶诱导的抗癫痫药可加速维生素D分解,减少钙吸收、钙沉积[11],继发甲状旁腺素升高,溶骨效应增加,骨密度减低。这与本研究结果中女性癫痫患者骨密度受肝酶诱导抗癫痫药影响一致。同样,我们发现癫痫患者甲状旁腺激素较健康对照明显升高,但血钙、血磷、血清碱性磷酸酶水平与正常对照组无差异,这与某些研究中血钙水平降低不同。推测血钙维持在正常水平与甲状旁腺素代偿性升高,骨吸收增加有关,且癫痫患者可能对甲状旁腺素的作用存在抵抗[10],这也许能解释血钙没有进一步升高。许多研究发现非肝酶诱导或者肝酶抑制抗痫药(如丙戊酸钠)同样对骨代谢有负面作用,这可能与药物导致的代谢性酸中毒有关。酸性环境中,骨形成减少,自身组织吸收增加,骨组织中钙、磷与其它阴离子交换,使钙磷减少,从而加速骨组织的溶骨吸收,且代谢性酸中毒可干扰1,25-(OH)2D3合成,间接减低钙吸收[6]。

本研究结果显示癫痫患者骨密度较正常对照明显减低,证实抗癫痫药及癫痫发作对骨密度均有负面影响。女性患者较男性患者骨密度异常比例升高,进一步分析影响因素,年龄对女性患者骨密度影响更加明显,在50~60岁年龄组女性患者骨密度异常比例高于男性患者,推测可能与雌激素撤退有关。雌激素水平下降,破骨细胞活跃,骨吸收大于骨形成,继发骨质流失。且有研究发现,女性在围绝经到绝经期过渡阶段,癫痫发作频率增加,骨折概率相应增加[12]。所以,对于更年期女性癫痫患者更应加强对骨密度及相关指标的监测。除此之外,药程、药物数量、发作频率、发作类型对癫痫患者骨密度均有负面作用。病程、服药种类仅对女性患者骨密度有显著影响。回归分析显示,病程、年龄、药物数量是女性患者骨密度异常的独立危险因素,药程、药物数量是男性患者骨密度异常的独立危险因素。由此可见,改善患者骨密度应控制癫痫发作及合理选择用药,女性患者骨密度异常比例高于男性患者,且发现的影响因素、独立危险因素多于男性患者,所以女性患者更应加强这方面管理。

本研究中,4例有骨折史,其中2例与癫痫发作相关,2例与创伤相关。国外研究认为癫痫患者骨折与癫痫发作、癫痫药物引起的嗜睡、平衡障碍有关,且易发生非创伤性骨折[13,14]。

目前对癫痫患者长期监测骨质变化、补充钙剂及维生素D的标准尚无统一认识,但多建议补充。骨质异常患者应至少2年复查一次骨密度[15],骨质疏松患者应监测治疗效果。激素替代治疗,曾作为绝经期女性预防骨质疏松,保持骨密度的治疗方法,但增加了患乳腺癌的风险,并有可能增加癫痫发作[16]。女性癫痫患者较男性患者更容易出现骨质问题[17],并可能有更高的骨折概率[18],并且女性患者同时面临妊娠、生产、避孕、哺乳等更多问题,女性患者作为一特殊群体,应得到更多的关注。

[参考文献]

[1] Salimipour H,Kazerooni S,Seyedabadi M,et al. Antiepileptic treatment is associated with bone loss: difference in drug type and region of interest[J]. J Nucl Med Technol,2013,41(3):208-211.

[2] Beniczky SA,Viken J,Jensen LT,et al. Bone mineral density in adult patients treated with various antiepileptic drugs[J]. Seizure,2012,21(6):471-472.

[3] Hamed SA. Influences of bone and mineral metabolism in epilepsy[J]. Expert Opin Drug Saf,2011,10(2): 265-280.

[4] Razazizan N,Mirmoeini M,Daeichin S,et al. Comparison of 25-hydroxy vitamin D,calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels in epileptic and non-epileptic children[J]. Acta Neurol Taiwan,2013,22(3):112-116.

[5] Bauer S,Hofbauer LC,Rauner M,et al. Early detection of bone metabolism changes under different antiepileptic drugs (ED-BoM-AED)--a prospective multicenter study[J].Epilepsy Res,2013,106(3): 417-422.

[6] Verrotti A,Coppola G,Parisi P,et al. Bone and calcium metabolism and antiepileptic drugs[J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg,2010,112(1):1-10.

[7] Smolanka VI,Oros MM. Change of bone tissue in patients with epilepsy[J]. Lik Sprava,2011,(5-6):99-103.

[8] Petty SJ,Hill KD,Haber NE,et al. Balance impairment in chronic antiepileptic drug users: a twin and sibling study[J].Epilepsia,2010,51(2): 280-288.

[9] Phabphal K,Geater A,Limapichart K,et al. The association between BsmI polymorphism and bone mineral density in young patients with epilepsy who are taking phenytoin[J].Epilepsia,2013,54(2): 249-255.

[10] Beerhorst K,Van der Kruijs SJ,Verschuure P,et al. Bone disease during chronic antiepileptic drug therapy:general versus specific risk factors[J]. J Neurol Sci,2013,331(1-2):19-25.

[11] Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Randall A, et al. Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy[J]. Neurology, 2008,70(18):1586-1593.

[12] Harden CL. Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy[J]. Neurology,2003,61(suppl 2):S16-S22.

[13] Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O'Brien TJ, et al. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs[J]. Neurology, 2012,79(2):145-151.

[14] Jette N,Lix LM,Metge CJ,et al. Association of antiepileptic drugs with nontraumatic fractures:A population-based analysis[J]. Arch Neurol,2011,68(1):107-112.

[15] Sheth RD,Harden CL. Screening for bone health in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2007,48(Suppl 9):s39-41.

[16] Pack AM. The association between antiepileptic drugs and bone disease[J]. Epilepsy Curr,2003,3(3): 91-95.

[17] Sheth RD,Binkley N,Hermann BP. Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2008,49(1):125-131.

[18] Nicholas JM,Ridsdale L,Richardson MP,et al. Fracture risk with use of liver enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs in people with active epilepsy:Cohort study using the general practice research database[J]. Seizure,2013,22(1):37-42.

(收稿日期:2014-09-25)

[9] Phabphal K,Geater A,Limapichart K,et al. The association between BsmI polymorphism and bone mineral density in young patients with epilepsy who are taking phenytoin[J].Epilepsia,2013,54(2): 249-255.

[10] Beerhorst K,Van der Kruijs SJ,Verschuure P,et al. Bone disease during chronic antiepileptic drug therapy:general versus specific risk factors[J]. J Neurol Sci,2013,331(1-2):19-25.

[11] Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Randall A, et al. Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy[J]. Neurology, 2008,70(18):1586-1593.

[12] Harden CL. Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy[J]. Neurology,2003,61(suppl 2):S16-S22.

[13] Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O'Brien TJ, et al. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs[J]. Neurology, 2012,79(2):145-151.

[14] Jette N,Lix LM,Metge CJ,et al. Association of antiepileptic drugs with nontraumatic fractures:A population-based analysis[J]. Arch Neurol,2011,68(1):107-112.

[15] Sheth RD,Harden CL. Screening for bone health in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2007,48(Suppl 9):s39-41.

[16] Pack AM. The association between antiepileptic drugs and bone disease[J]. Epilepsy Curr,2003,3(3): 91-95.

[17] Sheth RD,Binkley N,Hermann BP. Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2008,49(1):125-131.

[18] Nicholas JM,Ridsdale L,Richardson MP,et al. Fracture risk with use of liver enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs in people with active epilepsy:Cohort study using the general practice research database[J]. Seizure,2013,22(1):37-42.

(收稿日期:2014-09-25)

[9] Phabphal K,Geater A,Limapichart K,et al. The association between BsmI polymorphism and bone mineral density in young patients with epilepsy who are taking phenytoin[J].Epilepsia,2013,54(2): 249-255.

[10] Beerhorst K,Van der Kruijs SJ,Verschuure P,et al. Bone disease during chronic antiepileptic drug therapy:general versus specific risk factors[J]. J Neurol Sci,2013,331(1-2):19-25.

[11] Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Randall A, et al. Bone health in young women with epilepsy after one year of antiepileptic drug monotherapy[J]. Neurology, 2008,70(18):1586-1593.

[12] Harden CL. Menopause and bone density issues for women with epilepsy[J]. Neurology,2003,61(suppl 2):S16-S22.

[13] Shiek Ahmad B, Hill KD, O'Brien TJ, et al. Falls and fractures in patients chronically treated with antiepileptic drugs[J]. Neurology, 2012,79(2):145-151.

[14] Jette N,Lix LM,Metge CJ,et al. Association of antiepileptic drugs with nontraumatic fractures:A population-based analysis[J]. Arch Neurol,2011,68(1):107-112.

[15] Sheth RD,Harden CL. Screening for bone health in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2007,48(Suppl 9):s39-41.

[16] Pack AM. The association between antiepileptic drugs and bone disease[J]. Epilepsy Curr,2003,3(3): 91-95.

[17] Sheth RD,Binkley N,Hermann BP. Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy[J]. Epilepsia,2008,49(1):125-131.

[18] Nicholas JM,Ridsdale L,Richardson MP,et al. Fracture risk with use of liver enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs in people with active epilepsy:Cohort study using the general practice research database[J]. Seizure,2013,22(1):37-42.

(收稿日期:2014-09-25)

猜你喜欢
性别差异骨密度癫痫
预防骨质疏松,运动提高骨密度
天天喝牛奶,为什么骨密度还偏低
癫痫中医辨证存在的问题及对策
不要轻易给儿童做骨密度检查
玩电脑游戏易引发癫痫吗?
OSTEOSPACE型超声骨密度仪故障案例解析
性别差异对TWA的影响
中国缺血性脑卒中急性期抑郁障碍的性别差异
45岁以下急性心肌梗死患者冠状动脉介入治疗预后的性别差异
左氧氟沙星致癫痫持续状态1例