张曦
翻译技巧分析
笔者将以此次考试真题为例来具体讲解汉译英时的以下五种翻译技巧。
给长句断句
汉语中的一个长句中往往包含多个分句,汉译英时若很难将多个分句合并译为一个英语长句,考生可尝试对汉语长句适当断句。关系较为紧密的分句应该合并译为一个英语句子,而关系较为松散的分句则可尝试将其断开。下面我们来看几个例句。
例1:中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%,该比例在所有核国家中居第30位,几乎是最低的。
评析:原文分句较多,其中前两个分句为因果关系,关系较为紧密,汉译英时可以用because、for等表示因果关系的连接词将它们合并译为一个英语长句。后两个分句的关系也很紧密,第四个分句是对第三个分句的补充说明,汉译英时可以将第四个分句译为名词短语,作为第三个分句的同位语,起补充说明作用。如此一来,原文的长句在汉译英时断为两部分,条理清晰、意义明确。
参考译文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of Chinas current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.
例2:阅读对于中小学生尤为重要,假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣,以后要培养成阅读的习惯就很难了。
评析:原文第一个分句较为独立,汉译英时可将其译为一个独立的英语句子。原文后两个分句的关系比较紧密,又因第二个分句提出了一种“假设”,因此汉译英时可尝试将第二个分句译为if引导的状语从句,将最后一个分句译为主句。
参考译文:Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they dont develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.
关注时态和语态
时态和语态也是汉译英时考生需要关注的问题,比如,若句子的时间状语涉及过去,译文要采用一般过去时;若句子的时间状语由过去延续到现在或对现在产生影响,译文要采用现在完成时。另外,汉语中有不少句子虽然没有表示被动的标志性词语,但主语和谓语之间却存在被动关系,汉译英时仍然需要采用被动语态。下面我们来看几个例句。
例1:中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。
评析:原文第一个句子中的谓语“早就认识到”说明情况在过去就已发生,延续到现在,因此汉译英时译文应采用现在完成时。第二个句子的时间状语“2003年”为过去的时间,其译文应采用一般过去时。
参考译文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day.
例2:换句话说,核能是可以完全开发和利用的。
评析:原文中的“核能”和“可以完全开发和利用”之间虽然没有表示被动关系的词语,但两者存在被动关系,所以译文要采用被动语态。
参考译文:In other words, nuclear energy can now be fully developed and utilized.
注意调整语序
汉译英时需要正确调整语序,尤其在中文句子的定语和状语较多、较长的情况下,考生需要先确定出短语的中心词,而后将修饰成分重新安排,译出流畅的译文。
例:一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到本地农村学校就读。
评析:原文“为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生”中,中心词为“学生”,定语非常复杂,汉译英时可将其处理为定语从句,按照从后往前的顺序层层处理定语,先译“转往城市上学”,再译“为接受更好教育”。此外,汉语中的动词较多,汉译英时可适当省略,如“为接受更好教育”可简化为for a better education。
参考译文:As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.
避免中式英语
在汉语中,“让”字句和“使”字句出现频率较高,将其译成英文时,不少考生常用let和make去对应,这样就会使译文的中式英语痕迹较重。在翻译这类句型时,考生可以使用一些英语及物动词,或省略“让”字或者“使”字,以使译文更为地道。
例:这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍,使16万多所中小学受益。
评析:原文中的“使……受益”可以结合起来译为“benefit …”,又因“使”字所在的分句体现了一种目的,汉译英时可以为此分句添加表示目的的连接词so as to或in order to,衔接到前文上。
参考译文:The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools.
采用亮点句型和结构
在翻译中文句子时,英语译文可适当采用一些地道的英语句型和结构,例如倒装句、强调句、并列结构等,这些亮点句型和结构会使译文更具有表现力,帮助考生取得高分。
例1:通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。
评析:英语中的并列结构具有较强的表现力,对于汉语中并列的信息,英语中可以采用并列结构翻译。例如原文中的“感恩、有责任心和与人合作”可以采用三个平行的形容词(grateful, responsible, and cooperative)来翻译,或者采用三个平行的不定式短语(to be grateful, to have a sense of responsibility, and to cooperate with others)来翻译。
参考译文:Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate.
例2:到2012年10月,审批才又谨慎地恢复。
评析:原文若按照英语的一般语序来翻译,可以得出如下译文:“Approval wasnt renewed with caution until October of 2012.”如果对译文的语序适当进行调整,采用强调结构来翻译,就能使句子更具表现力。
参考译文:It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.
汉译英真题及参考译文
本次四级考试共出现了三道段落翻译题,内容涉及核能发展、阅读的重要性和教育公平。以下是笔者给出的真题及参考译文,仅供参考。
中国应进一步发展核能,因为核电目前只占其总发电量的2%,该比例在所有核国家中居第30位,几乎是最低的。
2011年3月日本核电站事故后,中国的核能开发停了下来,中止审批新的核电站,并开展全国性的核安全检查。到2012年10月,审批才又谨慎地恢复。
随着技术和安全措施的改进,发生核事故的可能性完全可以降到最低程度。换句话说,核能是可以完全开发和利用的。
参考译文:China should further develop nuclear energy, for nuclear power accounts for only 2 percent of the total volume of Chinas current energy production. This proportion makes China rank 30th out of all nuclear-capable countries, almost the lowest in the list.
After the Japanese nuclear power station accident in March of 2011, China halted its development of nuclear energy, suspended its approval for new nuclear power plants and carried out the nuclear safety inspections across the country. It was not until October of 2012 that approval was renewed with caution.
With improvements in technology and security measures, the possibility of nuclear accidents can be reduced to a minimum. In other words, nuclear energy can be fully developed and utilized.
中国教育工作者早就认识到读书对于国家的重要意义。有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。他们强调,人们应当读好书,尤其是经典著作。通过阅读,人们能更好地学会感恩、有责任心和与人合作,而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。阅读对于中小学生尤为重要,假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣,以后要培养成阅读的习惯就很难了。
参考译文:Chinese educators have long realized the importance of reading for the country. As early as 2003, some educators recommended the establishment of a national reading day. They stressed that people should read good books, especially classics. Through reading, one can learn to be grateful, responsible, and cooperative, which indeed are the essential qualities that education aims to cultivate. Reading is of great importance to students in elementary and secondary schools. If they dont develop an interest in reading at this critical stage, it will be quite difficult for them to develop the habit of reading later on.
为了促进教育公平,中国已投入360亿元,用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部农村义务教育(compulsory education)。这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍,使16万多所中小学受益。资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到本地农村学校就读。
参考译文:In order to promote equality in education, China has invested 36 billion yuan to improve the educational facilities in rural areas and enhance compulsory education in the midwestern rural regions. The funds are being used to upgrade teaching facilities and purchase books so as to benefit over 160,000 elementary and secondary schools. The funds are also being used to purchase musical instruments and painting materials so that now the children in rural and mountainous regions can have music and painting lessons just like those in the coastal cities. As a result, some students who had initially transferred to urban schools for a better education have returned to their country homes to be educated in local schools.