巧用关联词语，理清段落结构

一、关联词语用法小结

要使句子与句子以及段落与段落之间的意思互相连接，就需要有关联词语。关联词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。关联词语的恰当使用，可使得文章流畅、自然，易于理解。高考试题对关联词语的考查渗透在各个题型里。在高考中考生如能抓住句中或段落中的关联词语，则可以有效而快速地理解句子以及文章。没有这些关联词语的段落或文章，层次不清，结构松散，读者看到的只是零散句子的堆积，看不清相互联系，造成理解障碍。这些关联词语帮助读者推断出文章接下来将会发生什么。写作时，考生如能恰当使用关联词语，可为自己的文章增色许多，从而获得阅卷老师的青睐。不同的关联词语表示句子的不同关系。中学阶段应该掌握的关联词语可以归纳如下：

1. 表示时间顺序的过渡性词语：first（ly）， to begin with， to start with， second（ly）， at first， in the beginning， for the first time， next， then， later， in the end， finally， at last， after a while， since then， meanwhile， immediately， suddenly， all of a sudden， now， at present， soon， soon after that， afterwards， up to now， before long， from then on， sooner or later等。如2010年江苏卷书面表达部分范文：

Now， Id like to make some suggestions on English teaching and learning in our school. Firstly， we should be given more opportunities to use what weve learned in order to have a better grasp of it. Secondly， I hope our teachers can recommend more interesting books and magazines and give us more free time to read them. Finally， I suggest we have more English activities， such as English contests and festivals.

2. 表示目的的过渡性词语：in order to， so as to， that， so that， in order that， lest， in case， for fear that等。如：

Cathy had quit her job when her son was born she could stay home and raise her family. （2014年浙江卷15）

A. now thatB. as if

C. only ifD. so that

[答案] D。now that既然，as if 好像，only if只要，so that以便。这里是so that引导目的状语从句。句意：当Cathy的儿子出生的时候，她就放弃了自己的工作，以便待在家里照顾家人。根据句意选D。

3. 表示因果关系的过渡性词语：because， as， since， for， thanks to， so， thus， therefore， as a result of， one reason is that...， another reason is that...等。如：

Some animals carry seeds from one place to another， plants can spread to new places. （2014年北京卷21）

A. soB. or

C. forD. but

[答案] A。本题考查的连词都是常见的连词。so于是（强调上下文因果关系）；or或者；for由于，因为（起补充说明作用）；but但是（表示转折）；句意：一些动物把种子从一个地方带到另外一个地方，于是植物就传播到了新的地方生长了。上下文之间是因果关系。故选A。

4. 表示让步关系的过渡性词语：as， though， even if / though， who （what， when， where）—ever / no matter who （what， when， where）等。如：

Lessons can be learned to face the future， history cannot be changed. （2014年江苏21）

A. thoughB. as

C. sinceD. unless

[答案] A。本题考查的是状语从句的连词辨析。though尽管；as随着，因为；since自从，既然；unless除非，如果……不……；句意：尽管历史不能改变，但是为了面对未来我们还是要从历史中学会教训。根据句意可知上下文之间存在着转折关系，所以使用though表示让步和转折。故A正确。

5. 表示条件关系的过渡性词语：if， unless， as / so long as， on condition that等。

You will never gain success you are fully devoted to your work. （2014年湖南卷26）

A. whenB. because

C. afterD. unless

[答案] D。本题考查状语从句。题干意为：除非你全身心地投入到你的工作中，否则你就不会获得成功。所填词引导条件状语从句，意思是“除非，如果不”，故选D。

6. 表示并列关系的过渡性词语：and， or， as well as， both... and...， neither... nor...， not only... but also...， either... or...， not... but...等。如：

Give me a chance， Ill give you a wonderful surprise. （2014年天津卷1）

A. ifB. or

C. andD. while

[答案] C。本题考查的是“祈使句+连词+陈述句”的特殊句式。该句型相当于：If条件句+主句；本句相当于：If you give me a chance， Ill give you a wonderful surprise. 句意：给我一个机会，我就会给你一个惊喜。故C正确。在变成条件句时，如果是一个肯定句，就使用连词and；如果是一个否定句，就使用or；如：Hurry up， or you will be late.相当于：If you dont hurry up， you will be late.

7. 表示递进关系的过渡性词语：whats more， furthermore， moreover， besides， whats worse， to make matters worse， worse still， on the one hand...， on the other （hand）...等。如：

Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence. ， it could just put you in debt. （2014年江西卷25）

A. In other wordsB. All in all

C. As a resultD. On the other hand

[答案] D。本题考查的是介词短语辨析。A.“换句话说”，属于列举事实的过渡性词语；B.“总的说来”；C.“结果是”；D.“另一方面”属于递进关系的过渡性词语。句意：自己做生意也许是获得经济独立的一个很好的方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。根据句意说明这是一件事情的两个方面，所以D项符合上下文串联。

8. 表示转折对比关系的过渡性词语：but， yet， however， while， nevertheless， whereas， on the contrary， at the same time （不过，然而）等。如：

Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery another man， also intelligent， fails.（2013全国卷32）

A. sinceB.if

C. asD. while

[答案] D。该题考查并列连词。根据句意，前后两句话为两种情况的对比：“为什么一个人会做出一个重要的发现，而另一个人，也很聪明，但是失败了”。并列连词while表示对比，故选D。

9. 表示起始关系的过渡性词语：first of all， above all， according to， so far， as far as， to begin with， in my opinion等。如：迄今为止，她还没有去过欧洲。

（1） She hasnt been to Europe so far.

（2） She hasnt been to Europe up to now.

（3） She hasnt been to Europe up to this time.

10. 表示列举事实的过渡性词语：for example / instance， such as， take... for example， that is to say， as follows， in other words等。如：许多伟人从贫困中崛起，例如林肯和爱迪生。

（1） Many great men have risen from poverty—Lincoln and Edison， for example.

（2） Many great men have risen from poverty， for example， Lincoln and Edison.

（3） Many great men have risen from poverty， for instance， Lincoln and Edison.

11. 表示空间顺序的过渡性词语：on the right / left， on one side of， on the other side of， at the top / foot / end of， in the middle of， in （the）front of， at the back of等。如：园子中间有一颗树。

（1） There is a tree in the middle of the garden.

（2） There is a tree in the centre of the garden.

12. 表示总结的过渡性词语：in short， in brief， in a word， on the whole， in general， generally speaking等。如：一般而言，语言是用来交际的。

（1） In general， language is for communication.

（2） Generally speaking， language is for communication.

二、段落的构成要素

一篇文章必须具有明确的主题（topic），而作为文章的一个段落，则必须是该主题的某个要点或侧面，即有明确的段落中心。

为帮助同学们学习和使用这一方法，使段落主题明确，中心突出，下面分别举例介绍主题句、发展句和结论句。

1. 主题句（Topic sentences）

主题句（topic sentence）是将主题作概括性的陈述，而不提供具体的细节。主题句一般位于句首，开门见山提出主题，随后辅以细节或举例加以说明或论证。请看一个段落：

How can you protect your hearing？ Experts suggest turning down the volume and reducing the amount of time you spend listening to music on a portable player. A recent poll（民意调查） in the US found that 51% of high school students and 37% of adults have experienced at least one symptom of hearing loss. Most students said they used their portable music players for less than an hour at a time. And 59% of students said that they played music at a high volume. Experts say more research is needed to prove a direct link between portable music and hearing loss. They think， however， that these players are leading to hearing problems. So， for your own sake， turn down the volume and reduce your time in enjoying portable music as much as possible.

该段落很有特色，第一句How can you protect your hearing是个引言，用问题导入话题，可看出全段所表达的中心——如何保护你的听力，这就是主题句；第三句到第七句用一些数据和专家的观点来支撑主题句的观点；第八句重新点题，强调了中心思想。

主题句在句首是常见的，但有时也可出现在段中或出现在段落的末尾。请看下面这个段落：

People in the western world do not eat such healthy foods. They eat too much fat and sugar and dont take enough exercise. Because of this， they put on weight very easily. Their diet contains a lot of fat in the form of potato crisps， potato chips， butter， cream and chocolate. They eat a lot of sugar in the form of cakes， soft drinks， sweets and so on. The result is that many of them become fat. And some have bad teeth. In some parts of Britain， one person in ten， by the age of thirty， has no teeth left！

该段落的主题句出现在段中。其中的第一、二句话不是主题句，而是展示两个原因（过渡），第三句Because of this， they put on weight very easily提出主题。最后，用几个句子（扩展句）说明所摄取的糖、脂肪的来源及其后果。

值得一提的是，并非所有的段落都有主题句。有的段落就没有主题句，不过其所有的句子都有一个共同的指向，都是围绕一个中心来写，也就是说所有的句子都为一个中心服务。

2. 扩展句 （Supporting sentences）

扩展句指围绕主题句进行论证、说明、解释的句子，是支撑主题的细节，又叫支撑句或支持句。请看下面这个片段：

Most students of our school， including me， are against the construction of a chemical works near our school. We think it will do us great harm than good. The drinking water will be polluted.

这个段落展开不够。该段落谈论的是“反对在学校附近建造化工厂”的问题，但是后面的说明太单薄，不够具体全面，特别是根据“在学校附近修建化工厂”，理应简单谈谈修建化工厂对学校的影响。请看下文：

Most students of our school， including me， are against the construction of a chemical works near our school. Although the works will make a lot of money for our city， we think it will do us great harm than good. The drinking water will be polluted， and this will do great harm to the people and animals around it. Also it will make a lot of noise， which will disturb the atmosphere of the study. We need quiet places to study. Last， the air over the city will be polluted， too. We will never be able to breathe fresh air. How can we live here any longer？

这样发展句分三个层次来谈论“反对在学校附近修建化工厂”的原因：先点明“弊大于利”，然后从其所带来的水污染、噪音污染和空气污染三个方面进行说明，最后以一个强有力的问句结尾，发人深思。因此，这个片段就更充实、具体，说理更透彻。

说明主题的方式有很多，但不论是哪一种方式扩展细节，都必须为主题服务，能够突出主题。

3. 结论句 （Concluding sentences）

结论句又叫总结句，它标志着一个段落的结束，自然应位于一个段落的结尾。结论句可用来重述主题，提供问题的解决方式，对未来进行预测，提出问题让读者去思考，或对全段内容加以概括。结论句之前常常会出现 therefore， in short， in a word， briefly speaking， to sum up等词语。请看下面一个段落：

Last Friday， I booked a table near the window for dinner in your hotel， as I was going to treat my two American friends to a typical Chinese meal. But Im quite disappointed with your service. We went there at the time as arranged， but the waiter told us there were no seats available. After about one and a half hours， we were asked to share a table with an old couple. The food was not delicious and some dishes were too salty. Ill appreciate it if you can look into the case.

该段落是先叙述一件事，然后以 Ill appreciate it if you can look into the case. 结尾，即“通过提出自己的想法”作为结论句，本段的写作目的跃然纸上。

但并非所有的段落都有结论句，有的也可采用自然结束的方式。如：

Roads were washed away in the peak area. Tons of mud and rocks crashed down on the houses below. 64 people died in the flood and more than 2，500 lost their homes. For some time after the flood， helicopters flew to help the people there. Tractors and trucks worked hard to clear away the big rocks and earth. Many people sent money and necessities of life to the people attacked by the flood and helped them rebuild their hometown.

该段就是以自然的方式结束的。该段落先写这一地区遭受的自然灾害，然后用3句话写抗灾情况。该段落没有主题句，也没有结论句。

（作者：吴涛，南京市第三高级中学）