陈欣+孟丽丽+付帅+刘梅兰+张建平
[摘要] 目的 分析妊娠期急性脂肪肝患者的临床表现特征,并追踪妊娠结局,了解疾病的转归。 方法 回顾性分析妊娠期急性脂肪肝14例,记录临床资料,包括一般情况如年龄、孕周、是否初产妇等以及临床表现、相关检查、并发症及妊娠结局等。 结果 妊娠期急性脂肪肝患者的发病孕周为(34.72±2.51)周,城市人口较多,占78.6%。患者中大部分为初产妇,占92.9%。临床表现以黄疸、血肌酐升高、消化道症状、胆酶分离等为主;并发症则表现为急性肾功能不全的发生率最高,其次为弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)、肝性脑病、产后出血等。妊娠结局:孕母死亡、早产、死胎、新生儿窒息的发生率较高。 结论 妊娠期急性脂肪肝好发于妊娠晚期,常伴有严重的并发症,对母胎影响大,在临床工作中应注意及时诊断、治疗。
[关键词] 妊娠期急性脂肪肝;妊娠;弥散性血管内凝血
[中图分类号] R714.255 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)09(c)-0162-03
Clinical analysis of 14 cases with acute fatty liver of pregnancy
CHEN Xin MENG Li-li FU Shuai LIU Mei-lan ZHANG Jian-ping
Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics,Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University,Guangzhou 510120,China
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical manifestation feature of patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy,and track the pregnancy outcome and know the prognosis of the disease. Methods 14 cases with acute fatty liver of pregnancy were retrospectively analyzed,with clinical data including the general situation(such as age,gestational age,whether primipara, etc),clinical manifestations,relevant examination,complications and pregnancy outcomes and so on were recorded. Results Pregnancy gestational age at onset in patients with acute fatty liver was (34.72±2.51) weeks,the urban population was more(accounting for 78.6%).Most of the patients are primiparas (accounting for 92.9%).The main clinical manifestations were jaundice,elevated serum creatinine,gastrointestinal symptoms,bile enzyme separation and soo on,and complications are characterized by the highest incidence rate of acute renal insufficiency,followed by disseminated intravascular coagulation,hepatic encephalopathy,postpartum hemorrhage,etc.Pregnancy outcomes:the incidence rate of motherhood death,premature birth,stillbirth,and neonatal asphyxia were higher. Conclusion Acute fatty liver of pregnancy should be paid attention to timely diagnosis treatment in clinical work,and it appears mostly at late pregnancy often associating with serious complications,and it has a greater impact on mother and the fetus.
[Key words] Acute fatty liver of pregnancy;Pregnancy;Disseminated intravascular coagulation
妊娠期急性脂肪肝(acute fatty liver of pregnancy,AFLP)是妊娠期特有疾病之一。1996年报道其发病率为1/13 000,2002年则为1/7000[1-2]。临床以肝功能急剧衰竭、黄疸为主要特征,可伴有脑、肾等多脏器功能损害,严重危及孕产妇及围产儿的生命安全,病死率高。目前较为统一的观点是,AFLP一经诊断应立即终止妊娠,因此,明确诊断、及时处理在临床工作中尤为重要。本研究收集、分析了14例AFLP。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
收集1993年1月~2013年12月中山一院、中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院、中山三院、南方医院、广东省人民医院、广州市第二人民医院、广医附二院、番禺何贤医院、江门中心医院、中山博爱医院、惠州中心医院、粤北人民医院、深圳保健院、市妇幼韶关市第二人民医院、清远市人民医院出院诊断为AFLP的患者14例。
1.2 诊断标准
①妊娠晚期发生消化道症状、黄疸、肝功能损害和(或)暴发性肝衰竭;②肝脏影像学检查符合AFLP的改变;③如有肝脏病理学检查,应符合AFLP改变:肝细胞弥漫性脂肪变性,炎症坏死不明显[3]。
1.3 研究内容
①患者的基本资料:年龄、生育史、既往肝脏异常史;②临床表现及妊娠过程:发病孕周、主要症状及妊娠结局;③实验室检查:血尿常规、肝脾超声检查、肝穿刺病检、肝炎病原学检查等。
2 结果
2.1 一般情况
14例患者的平均年龄为(27.36±4.62)岁,发病孕周为(34.72±2.51)周。其中城市人口共计11例,占78.6%,农村人口3例,占21.4%;初产妇13例,占92.9%,经产妇1例,占7.1%;定期产检者6例,余8例未定期产检。14例患者既往均无肝脏异常病史。
2.2 临床资料情况
AFLP患者的黄疸发生率为100.0%,血肌酐升高、消化道症状、胆酶分离发生率也较高,均≥50.0%。14例患者中,7例剖宫产终止妊娠(表1)。
表1 临床资料情况
2.3 并发症发生情况
急性肾功能不全的发生率最高,其次为DIC、肝性脑病、产后出血等(表2)。
表2 并发症发生情况
2.4 妊娠结局
APLA患者有很高的母儿死亡率、发病率,孕母死亡率为50.0%,早产率为57.1%。活产儿8例,其中3例出现新生儿窒息,占活产儿的37.5%(表3)。
表3 妊娠结局
3 讨论
我国肝炎病毒感染率高,因此,一旦孕期出现肝病表现,临床医生首先考虑的诊断往往是重症肝炎,但需要警惕的是,AFLP作为妊娠期少见的并发症,近年来,发病率呈升高趋势。目前,AFLP的发病率远高于以往的认识。
AFLP是妊娠期特有的疾病,发病原因和机制尚不明确。目前认为,最常见的病因为雌、孕激素代谢障碍。妊娠期雌、孕激素水平增高,使三羧酸循环化中棕榈酸氧化作用活性降低,加之雌激素可使肝细胞线粒体超微结构发生改变,一旦出现代谢障碍,可导致大量脂肪微滴浸润肝细胞,阻塞胆小管,造成肝内胆汁淤积,甚至是小片状坏死。此外,AFLP发病尚可能与营养、感染、药物中毒、肥胖及遗传等有关[4-9]。
AFLP发病初始症状没有特异性,多为疲劳、恶心、呕吐,尤其是仅有消化道症状,易与胃肠炎相混淆,较难作出诊断[10-11],但病情进展往往急骤、严重,可迅速出现肝功能异常。本研究显示,AFLP多发生于妊娠晚期,以初产妇为主,肝炎病原学检测阳性率低,提示对于初产妇如果妊娠晚期出现肝功能异常,且病原学检查为阴性,应高度警惕AFLP的可能。有一些特征如高血压、蛋白尿、高尿酸、高肌酐发生率高,可以协助进行鉴别诊断。本研究所有患者皆出现黄疸,其他表现还有昏迷、少尿等。
AFLP患者肝细胞在短时期内大量坏死,所以往往很快出现并发症[12-13]。本研究发现急性肾功能不全的发生率最高,其次为DIC、肝性脑病、产后出血等,且产后出血、DIC是孕妇死亡的主要原因[14]。
AFLP患者中,妊娠妇女死亡、死胎、早产、新生儿窒息的发生率都很高。正常妊娠早产率仅为5%~15%,新生儿窒息率为3%~10%,而在AFLP患者中早产率高达87.5%,新生儿窒息率达37.5 %,可能原因为AFLP患者存在代谢紊乱、能量不足,胎盘运送血氧及营养功能下降[15]。为改善AFLP患者及新生儿预后,应积极处理原发病,进行综合治疗,防治多脏器功能衰竭,并及时终止妊娠。
关于分娩方式,一般主张不能短时间经阴道分娩的患者,采取剖宫产相对较安全,但手术是损伤性操作,存在大量出血可能,所以临床工作中应根据具体情况决定产科处理方案,轻柔的手术操作及确切的止血尤其重要。
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(收稿日期:2014-07-11 本文编辑:许俊琴)
[7] Shekhawat P,Bennett MJ,Sadovsky Y,et al.Human placenta metabolizes fatty acids:implications for fetal fatty acid oxidation disorders and maternal liver diseases[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2003,284(6):E1098-E1105.
[8] Tank PD,Nadanwar YS,Mayadeo NM.Outcome of pregnancy with severe liver disease[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2002, 76(1):27-31.
[9] 张璐,张素云.妊娠期急性脂肪肝6例临床分析[J].浙江临床医学,2010,12(2):175-176.
[10] Vigil-De Gracia P,Lavergne JA.Acute fatty liver of pregnancy[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2001,72(2):193-195.
[11] 屈在卿.妊娠合并上腹痛2例报道[J].重庆医学, 2012, 41 (1): 103-104.
[12] Qiu DK.Complications of chronic liver disease-current conception of diagnosis and treatment[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House,2001:76.
[13] Steingrub JS.Pregnancy-associated severe liver dysfunction[J].Crit Care Clin,2004,20(4):763-776.
[14] Hamid SS,Jafri SM,Khan H,et al.Fulminant hepatic failure in pregnant women:acute fatty liver or acute viral hepatitis?[J].J Hepatol,1996,25(1):20-27.
[15] Blish KR,Ibdah JA.Maternal heterozygosity for a mitochondrial trifunctional protein mutation as a cause for liver disease in pregnancy[J].Med Hypotheses,2005,64(1):96-100.
(收稿日期:2014-07-11 本文编辑:许俊琴)
[7] Shekhawat P,Bennett MJ,Sadovsky Y,et al.Human placenta metabolizes fatty acids:implications for fetal fatty acid oxidation disorders and maternal liver diseases[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2003,284(6):E1098-E1105.
[8] Tank PD,Nadanwar YS,Mayadeo NM.Outcome of pregnancy with severe liver disease[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2002, 76(1):27-31.
[9] 张璐,张素云.妊娠期急性脂肪肝6例临床分析[J].浙江临床医学,2010,12(2):175-176.
[10] Vigil-De Gracia P,Lavergne JA.Acute fatty liver of pregnancy[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2001,72(2):193-195.
[11] 屈在卿.妊娠合并上腹痛2例报道[J].重庆医学, 2012, 41 (1): 103-104.
[12] Qiu DK.Complications of chronic liver disease-current conception of diagnosis and treatment[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Publishing House,2001:76.
[13] Steingrub JS.Pregnancy-associated severe liver dysfunction[J].Crit Care Clin,2004,20(4):763-776.
[14] Hamid SS,Jafri SM,Khan H,et al.Fulminant hepatic failure in pregnant women:acute fatty liver or acute viral hepatitis?[J].J Hepatol,1996,25(1):20-27.
[15] Blish KR,Ibdah JA.Maternal heterozygosity for a mitochondrial trifunctional protein mutation as a cause for liver disease in pregnancy[J].Med Hypotheses,2005,64(1):96-100.
(收稿日期:2014-07-11 本文编辑:许俊琴)