尹祥
[摘要] 目的 讨论血浆NT-proBNP的动态变化对ARDS合并感染性休克患者预后评估的价值。 方法 采用前瞻性观察研究,收集51名ARDS合并感染性休克患者的血浆NT-proBNP指标纳入研究。入选患者于入住重症监护室第0、1、3天测定血浆NT-proBNP水平。根据住院28 d的死亡情况,将患者分为死亡组与生存组并比较两组的NT-proBNP水平。应用ROC曲线评价APACHEⅡ评分、NT-proBNP0、NT-proBNP1、NT-proBNP3、ΔNT-proBNP1、ΔNT-proBNP3、ΔNT-proBNP3-1对ARDS合并感染性休克患者病死率的预测价值。根据截点值分组并进行Kaplan-Meier分析。采用线性回归分析ARDS合并感染性休克患者的死亡危险因素。 结果 ROC曲线分析显示,ΔNT-proBNP3是预测患者病死率的可靠指标。ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比最佳截点值为30%,灵敏度为84.6%,特异度为89.4%,(P=0.000)。ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比<30%组较ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比≥30%组的累积生存率更高(χ2=62.693,P=0.000)。ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比≥30%是独立死亡危险因素。 结论 血浆NT-proBNP动态测定可能成为ARDS合并感染性休克患者预后评估的更有效的手段。
[关键词] 氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体;动态测定;急性呼吸窘迫综合征;感染性休克;预后
[中图分类号] R563.9 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2014)09(c)-0011-05
Value of prognostic evaluation of dynamic determination of NT-proBNP for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome complicated with septic shock
YIN Xiang
Department of Intensive Care Unit,Xiangxiang People′s Hospital of Xiangtan City in Hunan Province,Xiangtan 411400,China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the value of dynamic change of plasmic N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptid (NT-proBNP) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complicated with septic shock. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted and the indicators of 51 patients with ARDS complicated with septic shock were included in the study.NT-proBNP plasma level were tested for the selected patients the zeroth,first,third in the ICU.Patients were divided into the death group and the survival group according to the death of 28 days in hospital and the NT-proBNP level in the two groups was compared.ROC curve was applied to evaluate the predictive value of ΔNT-proBNP1,ΔNT-proBNP3,ΔNT-proBNP3-1,NT-proBNP0,NT-proBNP1,NT-proBNP3 and APACHEⅡ score for the fatality rate in patients with ARDS complicated with septic shock.Patients were divided into groups according to the cut-off value and Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted.Death risk factor was assessed by linear regression analysis in patients. Results ROC curve analysis showed that ΔNT-proBNP3 was a reliable indicator of predicting the fatality rate of patients.The best cut-off value of the percentage of ΔNT-proBNP3 growth was 30%, the sensitivity was 84.6%,specificity 89.4% (P=0.000).The cumulative survival rate of the percentage of ΔNT-proBNP3 growth<30% group was higher than that of the the percentage of ΔNT-proBNP3 growth≥30% group (χ2=62.693,P=0.000). The percentage of ΔNT-proBNP3 growth≥30% was the independent risk factor of death. Conclusion Dynamic determination of plasma NT-proBNP may become a more effective means of prognostic evaluation in patients with ARDS complicated with septic shock.
[Key words] N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptid;Dynamic determination;Acute respiratory distress syndrome;Septic shock;Prognosis
最近,许多研究已经报道了氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptid,NT-proBNP)是准确评估感染性休克和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)预后的指标之一[1-5]。本研究旨在评估NT-proBNP动态水平变化测定是否能更好地预测ARDS合并感染性休克患者的预后。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
采用前瞻性研究方法,连续观察2009年9月~2014年5月本院重症医学科收治的76名成年ARDS合并感染性休克患者。ARDS诊断根据1994年欧美联席会议提出的诊断标准[6],感染性休克诊断标准根据2001年脓毒症国际共识会议标准[7], 排除标准:年龄>75岁,近期心肌梗死,顽固性心脏衰竭,肺栓塞,终末期肾病疾病,年龄<18岁等。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,并获得患者或近亲家属的书面签字同意,符合医学伦理学标准。
1.2 观察指标
①记录一般资料:性别、感染部位、年龄、原发疾病、并发症、序贯器官衰竭评分和APACHEⅡ评分;②记录研究对象的血常规、血生化全套,微生物学证据、血气分析、胸部X线检查、去甲肾上腺素最大用量、心电图及心脏超声检查的结果;③监测入选患者第0、1、3天血浆NT-proBNP水平,测定血浆NT-proBNP水平变化值。
1.3 标本采集与检测
NT-proBNP测量:抽取外周静脉10 ml全血到肝素化试管,在室温下1 h内测定。
1.4 治疗
所有患者均给予小潮气量肺保护治疗[8]并按《成人严重感染与感染性休克血流动力学监测及支持指南》[9]标准化治疗。
1.5 统计学处理
数据采用SPSS 16.0统计学软件进行分析,绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评估预后;应用Logistic回归确定变量的死亡危险性;生存分析是基于Kaplan-Meier法,生存曲线比较基于Log-rank检验;中位数两组间比较应用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验方法,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般特征
在研究期间,76例ARDS合并感染性休克患者被送往ICU。6例年龄>75岁被排除,16例符合至少1个排除标准,3例患者失访。最终51例患者(40例男性和11例女性)纳入研究,年龄19~73岁,平均(56±14.5)岁,24 h内的APACHEⅡ评分中位数为19[四分位数间距(IQR)为9),SOFA评分中位数为8(IQR为5);去甲肾上腺素最大量0.3 μg/(kg·min)[IQR为0.1 μg/(kg·min)]。
2.2 死亡组与生存组血浆NT-proBNP水平变化的比较
第0天,两组的NT-proBNP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.810);两组第1、3天的NT-proBNP水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。生存组第1、0天,第3、1天的NT-proBNP水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),死亡组的NT-proBNP水平呈增加趋势,第1、0天,第3、1天的NT-proBNP水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)(表1、图1)。
表1 死亡组与生存组血浆NT-proBNP水平(中位值与IQR)
变化的比较(pg/ml)
与生存组同时间比较,Z=-0.247,*P=0.810;Z=-4.613,#P=0.000;Z=-5.5555,▲P=0.000
图1 死亡组与生存组血浆NT-proBNP水平变化情况
2.3 7种指标对ARDS合并感染性休克患者预后的预测价值
相同灵敏度时,ΔNT-proBNP3的特异度最高(90.5%);ROC曲线下面积(AUC)以ΔNT-proBNP3曲线下面积最大(0.841,P=0.000)。ΔNT-proBNP3百分比最佳截点值为30%,灵敏度为84.6%,特异度为89.4%(P=0.000)(表2、图2)。
表2 7种指标对ARDS合并感染性休克患者预后的预测价值
ΔNT-proBNP:氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体变化值;NT-proBNP0、NT-proBNP1、NT-proBNP3:第0天、第1天及第3天血浆NT-proBNP值;ΔNT-proBNP 3-1、ΔNT-proBNP1及ΔNT-proBNP3:第3天与第1天比较血浆NT-proBNP水平的变化值及第1天、第3天分别与第0天比较血浆NT-proBNP水平变化值
2.4 ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比<30%组和NT-pro BNP3增长百分比≥30%组生存时间、累积生存率的比较
基于约登指数,求出ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比截止值为30%,将患者分成两组,并进行生存期的Kaplan-Meier分析:ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比<30%组的生存时间为27.419 d,标准误为0.420,95%CI为26.596~28.243 d;ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比≥30%组的生存时间为8.450 d,标准误为1.180,95%CI为6.138~10.762 d,两组的生存时间比较,差异有统计学意义,ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比<30%组较ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比≥30%组的累积生存率更高(χ2=62.693,P=0.000)(图3)。
2.5 ARDS合并感染性休克患者死亡危险因素的单因素及多因素Logistic 回归分析结果
单因素分析显示,年龄、APACHEⅡ评分、SOFA评分、ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比为死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05);多因素Logistic 回归分析显示,APACHEII评分、SOFA评分、ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比仍为死亡的独立危险因素(P=0.000);ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比≥30%组较ΔNT-proBNP3增长百分比<30%组死亡率更高(OR=51.40,P=0.000)(表3)。
3 讨论
NT-proBNP水平升高与内分泌增加有关,主要由心脏压力负荷升高及功能障碍所致[10-11]。ARDS合并感染性休克时,低氧血症可导致肺血管收缩,减少心肌的氧输送及心排血量,这些都导致心脏功能失代偿及压力负荷增加。随着病情的发展,肺纤维化和肺毛细血管闭塞的出现,进一步加剧了这种情况[12]。机械通气可能引起胸腔内压力增大,从而影响心肌功能[13-14]。脓毒症导致心肌功能障碍时也可能引起NT-proBNP水平升高[15]。徐小云等[16]研究发现,NT-proBNP与APACHEⅡ评分对ARDS预后评估价值差异无统计学意义(Z=1.12,P>0.05;Z=1.713,P>0.05)。Bajwa等[17]发现ARDS患者中死亡组的NT-proBNP水平显著高于存活组(P<0.01)。NT-proBNP增长者呼吸机支持的天数(P<0.05)和SOFA评分(P<0.01)显著高于低NT-proBNP水平者。上述研究均支持NT-proBNP是预测ARDS合并感染性休克患者的死亡危险的良好指标之一。
不同疾病、相同疾病不同严重程度及不同的治疗方法,引起NT-proBNP临界值不同[17-21];另外,研究发现[22-23],NT-proBNP水平随着年龄的增加,血浆浓度随之增加;NT-proBNP水平在女性患者中表现更高,呈激素依赖性[24];这些多重混杂因素可能是存活者和死亡者之间NT-proBNP水平重叠的主要原因。不同研究报告出现不同的NT-proBNP预测截点值可能与不同检测方法有关[25],因此,NT-proBNP绝对水平及其截点值可能并不能很好地预测危重患者的死亡风险。
我们的研究关注NT-proBNP动态测定,正是因为NT-proBNP测定存在多种混杂因素。Phua等[26]研究发现NT-proBNP绝对水平在生存组与死亡组比较差异无统计学意义;第1天与入选时NT-proBNP水平变化值相对第3天与入选时NT-proBNP水平变化值,并不能更好地预测感染性休克患者预后。Park等[27]研究还发现,NT-proBNP水平变化的百分比Kaplan-Meier分析的最佳临界值为30%,且以截点值分组比较累积生存率及生存期有显著差别(P<0.01)。多项研究均获得与本研究一致的结果。
本研究的局限性在于小样本、单中心研究降低了实验的准确性,还有入选患者28 d死亡率偏高。这些均影响了本研究结果的普遍性。其次,ARDS和感染性休克协同作用时对NT-proBNP分泌影响的内在机制并不在本研究范围内。
综上所述,NT-proBNP水平变化值及增长百分比是ARDS合并感染性休克患者预后的良好预测指标之一。NT-proBNP水平动态测定可能有助于复杂条件下,如ARDS合并感染性休克患者预后的早期预测和风险分层。
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(收稿日期:2014-07-05 本文编辑:许俊琴)
[6] Bernard GR,Artigas A,Brigham KL,et al.The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS.Definitions,mechanisms,relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination[J].Am J Resp Crit Care,1994,149(3 Pt 1):818-824.
[7] Levy MM,Fink MP,Marshall JC,et al.2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference[J].Intensive Care Med,2003,29(4):530-538.
[8] No authors listed.Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network[J].N Engl J Med,2000,342(18):1301-1308.
[9] 中华医学会重症医学分会.成人严重感染与感染性休克血流动力学监测与支持指南(2006)[J].中国实用外科杂志,2007,27(1):7-13.
[10] Clerico A,Recchia FA,Passino C,et al.Cardiac endocrine function is an essential component of the homeostatic regulation network:physiological and clinical implications[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2006,290(1):H17-H29.
[11] 贾洪艳,武子霞,赵春玲.B型脑钠肽联合Tei 指数评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者的右心功能[J].中华危重病急救医学,2013,25(8):495-496.
[12] Ware LB,Matthay MA.The acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].N Engl J Med,2000,342(18):1334-1349.
[13] Luecke T,Roth H,Herrmann P,et al.Assessment of cardiac preload and left ventricular function under increasing levels of positive end-expiratory pressure[J].Intensive Care Med,2004,30(1):119-126.
[14] 秦英智.机械通气与心肺相互作用[J].中国危重病急救医学,2005,17(8):449-451.
[15] Court O,Kumar A,Parrillo JE,et al.Clinical review:myocardial depression in sepsis and septic shock[J].Crit Care,2002, 6(6):500-508.
[16] 徐小云,汤展宏,胡军涛,等.血浆氨基末端B型脑钠肽前体在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中应用价值的探讨[J].中国急救医学,2013,33(11):994-998.
[17] Bajwa EK,Januzzi JL,Gong MN,et al.Prognostic value of plasma N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide levels in the acute respiratory distress syndrome[J].Crit Care Med,2008,36(8):2322-2327.
[18] Roch A,Allardet-Servent J,Michelet P,et al.NH2 terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide plasma level as an early marker of prognosis and cardiac dysfunction in septic shock patients[J].Crit Care Med,2005,33(5):1001-1007.
[19] Varpula M,Pulkki K,Karlsson S,et al.Predictive value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in severe sepsis and septic shock[J].Crit Care Med,2007,35(5):1277-1283.
[20] 黄志俭,柯明耀,康丽娟,等.B型脑钠肽对脓毒症风险分层及预后判断的初探[J].中国危重病急救医学,2011, 23(8):495-496.
[21] 陈立,李兰,吕波,等.血必净注射液对急性肺栓塞兔B型脑钠肽水平的影响[J].中国中西医结合急救杂志,2013, 20(6):345-348.
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(收稿日期:2014-07-05 本文编辑:许俊琴)
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(收稿日期:2014-07-05 本文编辑:许俊琴)