崔佳佳,尹继业
肺癌是目前全世界面临的最严重公共健康问题之一。其病理类型主要有小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer,NSCLC)2种。其中,NSCLC占85%左右[1]。到目前为止,基于铂类的联合化疗仍然是NSCLC主要的治疗方案,尤其对于中晚期肿瘤患者。但在临床实践中,不同患者的化疗疗效存在巨大差异。部分患者对铂类药物敏感,有些患者则有原发或者继发性耐药。药物基因组学的研究表明,遗传因素是导致药物反应个体差异的决定性因素[2]。随着研究的深入,人们同样也发现遗传变异是影响NSCLC铂类化疗疗效的重要因素之一。
铂类药物是一种含铂的重金属配合物,进入细胞后可以与DNA链上的碱基形成交叉联结,从而起到破坏肿瘤细胞DNA结构和功能的作用,在临床广泛应用于实体瘤的治疗[3]。它在体内的具体过程如图1所示,其疗效主要受DNA损伤与修复、药物代谢与解毒、细胞周期和凋亡、药物转运体与膜受体等通路的影响。因此,上述通路基因的遗传变异是NSCLC铂类化疗药物基因组学研究的重点。
DNA损伤与修复通路是影响铂类化疗效果最重要的机制。因此,该通路的基因变异目前得到了最广泛的研究。与铂类化疗有关的DNA修复途径主要有核酸剪切修复(nucleotide excision repair,NER)、碱基剪切修复(base excision repair,BER)、错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)和双链断裂(double-strand break,DSB)修复 4种。
图1 铂类药物的体内代谢过程
NER是细胞修复铂类造成DNA破坏的主要途径,而ERCC1是NER途径中研究最多的基因。目前对于ERCC1多态性的研究主要集中于C354T和C8092A。Li等[4]对89例NSCLC 的研究表明,ERCC1 C354T CC基因型的敏感性比TC、TT基因型的低,但其差异没有达到统计学意义。而Kalikaki等[5]在119例NSCLC患者中的研究,则发现TT基因型患者的敏感性比 CC、CT基因型低。Isla等[6]同样也在62例接受顺铂和多西他赛联合化疗的NSCLC患者中研究了该位点,结果研究表明该多态性与铂类化疗敏感性无关。而对于C8092A多态性的研究来自于Takenaka等[7]研究,他们发现C8092A多态性与ERCC1蛋白表达和铂类化疗敏感性无关。由于这些研究的样本量太少,因此部分学者对它们进行了荟萃分析。比如Yu等[8]对1 252例NSCLC患者的荟萃分析表明,ERCC1 C354T和C8092A多态性与铂类化疗敏感性无显著性相关。Yin等[9]的研究也得到同样的结果。NER通路另一个被广泛研究的基因是ERCC2,主要集中于Asp312Asn和Lys751 Gln 2个位点。Booton等[10]对 108例 NSCLC患者的研究表明,野生型患者的铂类化疗敏感性(40%)比Asp312Asn/Lys751Gln(35.3%)和Asn312Asn/Gln751Gln(22.2%)基因型高。而Kim等[11]和 Provencio等[12]研究显示,Asp312Asp/Lys751Lys基因多态性与铂类化疗敏感性无显著相关性。针对中国人群的研究也存在类似的结果。Li等[13]对496例NSCLC患者的研究证明,Asp312Asn和Lys751Gln突变型患者的敏感性比野生型患者低。Wu等[14]对353例NSCLC患者的研究则未发现Asp312Asn和Lys751Gln突变与铂类化疗敏感性显著相关。荟萃分析的结果也不一致。Qin等[15]包含2 383例NSCLC患者的结果表明在白种人中,携带突变型等位基因的患者比野生型患者化疗敏感性要高,而在亚洲人群中这个结果则正好相反。而Yin等[9]和Qiu等[16]的研究结果则表示,ERCC2多态性与铂类化疗敏感性之间无显著性关联。除Asp312Asp/Lys751Lys基因之外,NER途径的核糖核苷酸还原酶M1(ribonucleotide reductase M1,RRM1)的 C-37A[17],ERCC5 的rs751402、rs2094258 和 rs2296147[18],XPC 的 Lys939Gln和Ala499Val也得到了研究[19]。但这些研究样本量较少,还需要重复性研究。
BER通路研究最多的基因是XRCC1,其Arg399 Gln位点在中国人群被广泛研究。大量研究表明,Arg399Gln突变型患者对铂类化疗敏感性较野生型患者高。比如Zhao等[20]对147例NSCLC患者的研究表明,突变型等位基因携带者的化疗敏感性明显比野生型高。Zhang等[21]对375例NSCLC患者的研究表明,AA基因型的化疗敏感性、无疾病生存期和总体生存率比其他基因型患者显著增加。对这些研究的荟萃分析也得到类似结论。AA基因型患者的铂类化疗敏感性(45.2%)高于AG(29.9%)、GG(30.7%)基因型患者[22]。BER通路另一个广泛研究的位点是 XRCC3的 Thr241Met,包含2 828例和2 201例NSCLC患者的荟萃分析发现,在白种人中突变型患者的化疗敏感性显著高于野生型,而亚洲人群中不存在这种相关性[23-24]。因此,XRCC3 Thr241Met位点的临床意义存在种族特异性。此外,XRCC1 Arg194Trp和ERCC5 His46His也有报道。Sun等[25]对82例NSCLC患者的研究表明,XRCC1 Arg194Trp的CT基因型患者铂类化疗敏感率(48.6%)要显著高于CC(20.5%)基因型,还显示ERCC5 His46His CT(36.1%)、CC(35.3%)基因型患者铂类化疗敏感率要高于TT(13.5%)基因型。
除以上广泛研究的2条通路之外,其他DNA修复通路的基因多态性也有报道。Cui等[26]对438例NSCLC患者的研究表明,亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)C677T TT基因型患者的铂类化疗敏感率要高于CT、CC基因型;来自于Zhu等[27]的荟萃分析结果也表明,MTHFR C677T TT基因型对铂类化疗更有效。其他的研究还包括 hMSH2 IVS12-6T>C、hMLH1 T-1151A[28]、胞苷脱氨酶(cytidine deaminase,CDA)Lys27Gln[29]、连接酶 4(ligase Ⅳ,LIG4)Thr9Ile[30]等(表 1)。
表1 与铂类药物化疗敏感性相关的主要遗传变异
转运体和受体在药物的吸收、分布和消除过程中发挥了重要作用,当前针对铂类药物研究较为充分的主要是三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体(ATP-binding cassette transporters,ABC)。Sun 等[31]在113 例 NSCLC患者中研究了ABCC2的突变与铂类化疗敏感性的关系,发现C-24T突变型等位基因携带者的铂类化疗敏感性(63.3%)要显著高于野生型患者;而Val417Ile的GA+AA基因型患者敏感性显著低于GG基因型患者,Ile1324Ile的CT+TT基因型患者敏感性显著低于CC 基因型。Yan 等[32]和 Chen 等[33]则研究了 ABCB1,他们发现C3435T野生型患者的铂类化疗敏感性(21.4%)要高于CT(19.0%)、TT(12.5%)基因型患者,而T2677A/G的T等位基因携带者(36.2%)敏感性高于G(51.0%)、A(69.6%)等位基因携带者。Yoh等[34]对72例NSCLC 患者的 ABCC1、ABCC3 进行了研究,未发现它们的多态性与铂类化疗敏感性相关。除了ABC 家族转运体,Wang 等[35-36]和 Li等[37]也对其他转运体与NSCLC患者铂类化疗敏感性进行了系统全面的研究,发现TMEM205 rs896412、OCT2 rs1869641和rs195854、AQP9 rs1516400、AQP2 rs7314734 及ATP7B rs9535826和rs9535828多态性可以影响铂类的化疗敏感性。
除了转运体,受体也得到了广泛研究。如Fang等[38]在629例NSCLC患者中研究了成纤维细胞生长因子受体4(fibroblast growth factor receptor 4,FGFR4)的多态性,发现rs351855 AA基因型患者的铂类化疗敏感性要显著高于GG基因型患者。Carcereny等[39]则在305例NSCLC患者中发现,尼古丁乙酰胆碱受体 α3(cholinergic receptor nicotinic alpha 3,CHRNα3)rs1051730的CT基因型患者铂类化疗敏感率高于CC、TT基因型。Xiong等[40]则针对755例中国患者研究了维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR),发现ApaI G>T基因rs7975232的携带GG基因型的患者比携带TT基因型的患者更有可能对铂类化疗敏感。
代谢和解毒是药物在体内的重要过程,药物经过体内一些酶的转化后其药理活性发生变化,因此该通路的基因多态性可以影响药物的疗效,当前针对铂类药物研究较多的是GST。
Sun等[31]研究了113例NSCLC患者,发现GSTP1 Ile105Val突变G等位基因携带者的铂类化疗敏感性(40.5%)要高于AA基因型(18.3%)患者。而Li等[41]对217例NSCLC患者的研究表明,GSTM1缺失型多态性在敏感患者中出现的频率(69.8%)与耐药患者(45.8%)不同。Yang 和Xian[42]对GSTP1 Ile105Val和GSTM1进行了荟萃分析,结果显示在东亚人中,GSTP1 Ile105Val的G等位基因携带者对铂类化疗敏感性较好,而白种人中无相关性。同样的情况也存在于GSTM1插入缺失型突变,东亚人群缺失型患者比插入型患者对铂类的敏感性要高,这些结果与Yin等[9]研究一致。此外,Li等[41]也对细胞色素 P4501A1的T264C进行了研究,发现TT基因型在敏感患者中的频率(47.7%)与耐药患者(25.5%)有显著差异,TC基因型患者的铂类化疗敏感率要高于其他基因型。
铂类药物最终通过诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡来发挥疗效,因此该通路基因变异可以影响其疗效,也得到了广泛研究。Shiraishi等[43]对640例日本NSCLC患者的研究表明,肿瘤抑制蛋白p53(tumor protein p53,TP53)Arg72Pro的非同义突变 TP53-72Pro基因型患者的铂类化疗敏感性(54.3%)要显著高于p53-72Arg基因型(29.1%)患者。Su等[44]对 230例NSCLC患者的研究表明,iASPP A67T的A等位基因携带者对化疗更敏感。Xu 等[45]和 Wang等[46]则研究了AKT1 rs2494752和Bcl-2结合抗凋亡基因1(Bcl-2 associated athanogene 1,BAG-1)C324T,发现AKT1 rs2494752突变型的铂类化疗敏感性降低,而BAG-1 C324T的CC基因型患者铂类化疗敏感率高于CT基因型患者。另外,也有人研究了基质金属蛋白酶-2、脱嘌呤/脱嘧啶核酸内切酶1等基因,但均未发现其与化疗疗效相关[44,47]。
除了以上通路的基因多态性,其他基因也被广泛研究,如Xu等[48]在771例不同地区中国NSCLC患者中发现真核翻译起始因子3α(eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3α,eIF3α)的rs3740556多态性与铂类药物化疗敏感性相关,携带A等位基因的患者铂类化疗敏感性显著高于GG基因型的患者;并且Yin等[49-50]进一步阐明了 eIF3α rs3740556 改变铂类化疗敏感性的具体机制。此外对pre-miRNA-27α 的 rs895819、NQO1 C609T、galectin-3 A191C 和A292C都有相关报道,但尚需更多研究进行重复[51-53]。全基因组关联分析(Genome Wide Association Studies,GWAS)是近年在药物基因组学领域兴起的研究方法,有研究人员利用HapMap数据库结合体外药物敏感性实验对铂类药物的敏感性进行GWAS研究,取得了一些结果,但是尚缺乏体内研究数据[54-58]。
随着最近这些年的研究,NSCLC铂类化疗药物基因组学吸引了越来越多研究人员的兴趣,同时也发现了大量相关遗传变异。但是该领域的研究结果往往不一致,其主要原因有以下几个方面,同时也是以后研究需要解决的问题。①当前所开展研究样本量较少,也未经多中心验证,因此导致结果难以被重复;②当前所发现的单个遗传变异均对NSCLC铂类化疗贡献较小,因此依靠单个位点难以准确预测化疗敏感性;③除了遗传因素,环境因素也对铂类化疗敏感性有影响,但目前的研究均缺乏环境因素的考虑。相信随着以上问题的解决,最终可以建立准确预测NSCLC铂类化疗疗效的药物基因组学模型,从而实现个体化治疗。
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