孙觅真 李新征 周佳佳等
摘要:Δ8去饱和酶和Δ9链延长酶是二高-γ-亚麻酸(DGLA)和二十碳四烯酸(ETA)合成的关键酶。本研究利用大豆种子特异性启动子替换35S启动子构建了新的多基因辅助载体PAUX-2,并在此基础上构建了包含来自小眼虫藻的Δ8去饱和酶基因和来自球等鞭金藻的Δ9链延长酶基因的植物表达载体pCambia2300-Δ8Δ9。为进一步利用转基因技术研究这些基因在植物中的表达提供了条件。
关键词:超长链多不饱和脂肪酸;Δ8去饱和酶基因;Δ9链延长酶基因;种子特异性启动子;表达载体
中图分类号:S188+.1∶Q784文献标识号:A文章编号:1001-4942(2014)07-0001-06
AbstractThe Δ8 desaturase (Δ8Des) and Δ9 elongase (Δ9Elo) are the key enzymes for the synthesis of dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) and eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA). In the research, a new assistant expression vector, PAUX-2, was constructed through replacing the 35S promoter with a soybean seed-specific promoter BCSP952. Then a plant expression vector, pCambia2300-Δ8Δ9, simultaneously containing Δ8Des gene from Euglena gracilis and Δ9Elo gene from Isochrysis galbana, was constructed, which provided essential tool to study the expression of these exogenous genes in plants.
Key wordsVery-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs); Δ8 desaturase gene; Δ9 elongase gene; Seed-specific promoter; Expression vector
超长链多不饱和脂肪酸(very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids,VLCPUFAs),通常指含有20个碳原子以上及4~6个顺式不饱和双键的直链脂肪酸[1]。根据甲基端第一个双键碳原子的位置,VLCPUFAs可以分为2类,首个双键出现在第3个碳原子位置的称为ω3系列VLCPUFAs,比如二十碳三烯酸(ETrA, 20∶3Δ11,14,17)和二十碳四烯酸(ETA, 20∶4Δ8,11,14,17);而首个双键出现在第6个碳原子处的称为ω6系列VLCPUFAs,比如二十碳二烯酸(EDA, 20∶2Δ11,14)和二高-γ-亚麻酸(DGLA, 20∶3Δ8,11,14)。研究表明VLCPUFAs对于人体营养健康、植物的抗逆生长等都具有重要的意义。比如,DGLA是生物合成前列腺素E1的前体,其自身也具有抑制血栓素A2的活性作用,能有效抑制人体血小板聚集反应和分裂素的分泌,发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的效应[2]。许多资料报道服用DGLA可以调节生物体内脂肪酸的代谢[3]。ETA是中枢神经系统和视网膜的重要结构脂成分,在婴儿的脑组织和视网膜内高度聚集[4]。因此适量摄取VLCPUFAs对于人体健康十分重要。
目前VLCPUFAs主要来自深海鱼类,但受到鱼类资源限制和海洋污染的影响,难以保障其供应[5]。由于缺少相应的酶基因,高等植物(比如油料作物)一般不能合成20个碳以上的VLCPUFAs,只能合成油酸(OA, 18∶1Δ9)、亚油酸(LA,18∶2Δ9,12)、亚麻酸(ALA, 18∶3Δ9,12,15)。然而一些低等生物,比如真菌、藻类等,却具有合成VLCPUFAs的关键酶基因,能够合成VLCPUFAs。比如,Qi等在球等鞭金藻中克隆到一个Δ9链延长酶基因(Δ9Elo),该酶具有很高的催化活性,转化LA和ALA的效率均达到45%以上[6]。Wallis等从小眼虫藻克隆到一个Δ8脱氢酶基因(Δ8Des),并在酿酒酵母中进行了功能验证[7]。Δ9Elo、Δ8Des基因是合成DGLA和ETA的关键酶基因。LA或者ALA在Δ9Elo的作用下分别生成EDA及ETrA等中间产物,EDA及ETrA又在Δ8Des的作用下生成DGLA及ETA,这条合成途径首先由Qi等[5]发现,被称为“Δ8途径”(图1)。
3结论与讨论
DGLA、ETA等VLCPUFAs对人体的健康具有重要作用。目前VLCPUFAs主要来自深海鱼类,但由于环境污染、过度捕捞造成海洋野生鱼类资源日益减少,已经不能满足迅速增长的市场需求[11],因此开发一种安全经济、可持续生产VLCPUFAs的替代途径势在必行。由于某些高等植物(尤其是油料作物)中含油量较高,并且含有亚油酸、亚麻酸等生成VLCPUFAs的底物,因此可以采用油料作物作为生物反应器生产DGLA、ETA等VLCPUFAs。
目前利用多基因转化技术将VLCPUFAs代谢途径整合到高等植物中生产VLCPUFAs的研究逐渐成为热点。经过转基因能合成EPA和DHA的棉花、油菜等已经陆续获得[12]。为在植物中重组DGLA、ETA的合成代谢途径,本研究通过构建辅助表达载体PAUX-2,替换35S启动子为大豆种子特异性启动子BCSP952后,将从球等鞭金藻、小眼虫藻中克隆到的Δ9Elo、Δ8Des基因串联在一起,形成串联的独立基因表达盒,获得了包含这两个基因串联表达盒的辅助表达载体PAUX-2-Δ8Δ9。并进一步获得了植物表达载体pCambia2300-Δ8Δ9。该载体只整合了VLCPUFAs合成的“Δ8途径”的前2个基因,载体相对较小,更容易转化;另外,该载体转入目标植物如棉花(种子中同时含有LA和ALA)中后,预期可以用于研究将LA转化成EDA进而合成DGLA,也可同时用于研究将ALA转化成ETrA进而生成ETA。该载体的构建为研究Δ9Elo、Δ8Des基因在植物种子中的表达提供了基础,但能否实现预期的功能以及相应环节催化效率的高低有待进一步的研究加以验证。
参考文献:
[1]Abbadi A,Domergue F,Bauer J,et al. Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(10): 2734-2748.
[2]Hamberg M. Biosysnthesis of prostaglandin E1 by human seminal vesicles [J]. Lipids, 1976, 3(11): 249-250.
[3]Hassal C H,Kirtland S J. Dihomo- γ -linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat [J]. Lipids, 1984, 9(19): 699-703.
[4]Arbuckle L D,Innis S M. Docoahexaenoic acid in developing brain and retina of piglets fed high or low α-linolenate formula with and without fish oil [J]. Lipids, 1992, 27(2): 89-93.
[5]Qi B,Fraser T,Mugford S,et al. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants [J]. Nat.Biotechnol., 2004, 22 (6): 739-745.
[6]Qi B,Beaudoin F,Fraser T,et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid-specific elongating,activity from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microalga, Isochrysis galbana [J]. FEBS Lett., 2002, 510 (3): 159-165.
[7]Wallis J G,Browse J . The Δ 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: An alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999, 365(2): 307-316.
[8]Kinney A J,Hall S E,Taylor D C,et al. Production of fatty acid components of meadowfoam oil in somatic soybean embryos[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2004, 124 (1): 243-251.
[9]财音青格乐,李明春,蔡易,等. 大豆种子特异性启动子的克隆及序列分析[J]. 作物学报,2005, 31(1): 11-17.
[10]Sun Q,Liu J,Qi B,et al. Creation and validation of a widely applicable multiple gene transfer vector system for stable transformation in plant [J]. Plant. Mol. Biochem., 2013, 83 (4/5): 391-404.
[11]Lu C,Napier J A,Clemente T E,et al. New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed,biofuel, and industrial applications[J]. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2011, 22(2): 252-259.
[12]刘江,马燕斌,孙全喜.超长链多不饱和脂肪酸在棉花中的异源合成[J]. 作物学报,2014, 40(1): 86-92.山 东 农 业 科 学2014,46(7):7~10Shandong Agricultural Sciences
参考文献:
[1]Abbadi A,Domergue F,Bauer J,et al. Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(10): 2734-2748.
[2]Hamberg M. Biosysnthesis of prostaglandin E1 by human seminal vesicles [J]. Lipids, 1976, 3(11): 249-250.
[3]Hassal C H,Kirtland S J. Dihomo- γ -linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat [J]. Lipids, 1984, 9(19): 699-703.
[4]Arbuckle L D,Innis S M. Docoahexaenoic acid in developing brain and retina of piglets fed high or low α-linolenate formula with and without fish oil [J]. Lipids, 1992, 27(2): 89-93.
[5]Qi B,Fraser T,Mugford S,et al. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants [J]. Nat.Biotechnol., 2004, 22 (6): 739-745.
[6]Qi B,Beaudoin F,Fraser T,et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid-specific elongating,activity from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microalga, Isochrysis galbana [J]. FEBS Lett., 2002, 510 (3): 159-165.
[7]Wallis J G,Browse J . The Δ 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: An alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999, 365(2): 307-316.
[8]Kinney A J,Hall S E,Taylor D C,et al. Production of fatty acid components of meadowfoam oil in somatic soybean embryos[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2004, 124 (1): 243-251.
[9]财音青格乐,李明春,蔡易,等. 大豆种子特异性启动子的克隆及序列分析[J]. 作物学报,2005, 31(1): 11-17.
[10]Sun Q,Liu J,Qi B,et al. Creation and validation of a widely applicable multiple gene transfer vector system for stable transformation in plant [J]. Plant. Mol. Biochem., 2013, 83 (4/5): 391-404.
[11]Lu C,Napier J A,Clemente T E,et al. New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed,biofuel, and industrial applications[J]. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2011, 22(2): 252-259.
[12]刘江,马燕斌,孙全喜.超长链多不饱和脂肪酸在棉花中的异源合成[J]. 作物学报,2014, 40(1): 86-92.山 东 农 业 科 学2014,46(7):7~10Shandong Agricultural Sciences
参考文献:
[1]Abbadi A,Domergue F,Bauer J,et al. Biosynthesis of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in transgenic oilseeds: constraints on their accumulation [J]. Plant Cell, 2004, 16(10): 2734-2748.
[2]Hamberg M. Biosysnthesis of prostaglandin E1 by human seminal vesicles [J]. Lipids, 1976, 3(11): 249-250.
[3]Hassal C H,Kirtland S J. Dihomo- γ -linolenic acid reverses hypertension induced in rats by diets rich in saturated fat [J]. Lipids, 1984, 9(19): 699-703.
[4]Arbuckle L D,Innis S M. Docoahexaenoic acid in developing brain and retina of piglets fed high or low α-linolenate formula with and without fish oil [J]. Lipids, 1992, 27(2): 89-93.
[5]Qi B,Fraser T,Mugford S,et al. Production of very long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in plants [J]. Nat.Biotechnol., 2004, 22 (6): 739-745.
[6]Qi B,Beaudoin F,Fraser T,et al. Identification of a cDNA encoding a novel C18-Δ9 polyunsaturated fatty acid-specific elongating,activity from the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing microalga, Isochrysis galbana [J]. FEBS Lett., 2002, 510 (3): 159-165.
[7]Wallis J G,Browse J . The Δ 8-desaturase of Euglena gracilis: An alternate pathway for synthesis of 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1999, 365(2): 307-316.
[8]Kinney A J,Hall S E,Taylor D C,et al. Production of fatty acid components of meadowfoam oil in somatic soybean embryos[J]. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2004, 124 (1): 243-251.
[9]财音青格乐,李明春,蔡易,等. 大豆种子特异性启动子的克隆及序列分析[J]. 作物学报,2005, 31(1): 11-17.
[10]Sun Q,Liu J,Qi B,et al. Creation and validation of a widely applicable multiple gene transfer vector system for stable transformation in plant [J]. Plant. Mol. Biochem., 2013, 83 (4/5): 391-404.
[11]Lu C,Napier J A,Clemente T E,et al. New frontiers in oilseed biotechnology: meeting the global demand for vegetable oils for food, feed,biofuel, and industrial applications[J]. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 2011, 22(2): 252-259.
[12]刘江,马燕斌,孙全喜.超长链多不饱和脂肪酸在棉花中的异源合成[J]. 作物学报,2014, 40(1): 86-92.山 东 农 业 科 学2014,46(7):7~10Shandong Agricultural Sciences