中考英语阅读理解常见题型与解题技巧

2014-08-22 04:02梁小明
中学生英语·阅读与写作 2014年7期
关键词:原文中墨尔本题干

梁小明

阅读理解题是中考英语的测试重点,也是中考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型,在各地中考试卷中约占30%的比例。一般有三至四篇短文,试题多采用“根据所给阅读材料选择最佳答案回答问题”或“判断正误”两种形式。纵观近年来全国各地中考阅读理解题,其题裁多样,有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文(信函、请柬、通知、便条、表格、图表、广告、图示和标志等);所选材料内容广泛,涉及科学知识、社会文化、政治历史、人文环境和日常生活等方面,其特点是:时代气息浓,可读性强,理解难度较高。常见题型有细节题、推理题、词义猜测题和主旨大意题。下面结合实例,谈谈中考英语阅读理解常见题型的特点与解题技巧。

1. 细节题

(1)特点

细节题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一,主要测试考生对信息的快速查找、辨认和分析理解能力。该题型在阅读理解题占的比重最大。这类题目中题干和答案通常属于原文中某一部分的内容,只是表达时不采用文章原话,而是用不同的词语或句型来表达相同的意思。大部分细节题都可以在文章中直接或间接地找到答案。

(2)解题技巧

细节题常见的提问方式有:

Which of the following statements is (not) true according to the information in the passage?

Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?

According to the passage, where (when, why, who, how)...

The main reason for... is ______.

Which of the following can be the cause of...?

The author mentions all of the following except ______.

The statement is based on the evidence / example / fact that ______.

The author states / mentions that ______.

文章的细节内容不会孤立出现,它与前后的内容密切相关,因此应对细节题时首先要找出文中要考查的细节信息,根据题干和选项提供的线索,在原文中迅速找到含有要考查的细节信息的句子或对应词,再将信息与选项进行对比,在相关句或对应词周围找答案;对于较难的细节题,可运用排除法把干扰项排除掉,找出意思最接近的选项。细节题中的干扰项通常有以下几种:(1)选项中所讲的内容在原文中根本没有,或者找不到根据;(2)选项中的限定词表示的范围或程度大于或小于原文中提到的范围或程度;(3)对原句细微处做改动,截取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,把甲的观点说成乙的观点;(4)选项内容与原文内容正好相反。

2. 推理题

(1)特点

推理题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力,要求考生在理解原文直接陈述的观点或事实的基础上,对文中信息进行综合分析、判断推理,从而得到文章的隐含意义或深层意义,领悟出作者的言外之意。推理的范围主要包括作者的态度、主张、倾向、语气等。这类题难度较大,因为题目的答案不是直接表述在文章中,考生不可能在原文中直接找到答案,而必须对原文中陈述的观点或事实进行合乎逻辑的推理才能获得答案。

(2)解题技巧

推理题常见的命题方式有:

It can be inferred from the passage that ______.

It is implied from the passage that ______.

It can be concluded from the passage that ______.

It can be guessed that ______.

We learn from the passage (paragraph) that ______.

The writer implies but not directly states that ______.

The author strongly suggests that ______.

The authors purpose of writing this passage is ______.

推理题通常不能在文章中直接找到答案,做题时要以表面文字信息为依据,既不能做出在原文中找不到根据的推理,也不能根据表面文字做步步推理。正确的做法是:速读原文后,根据题干中的关键词或选项中的线索在原文中找到相关的句子,对照选项,对相关句进行推理,通过分析作者使用的修饰词和一些关键的细节内容,领悟出作者的言外之意。如果题干中没有线索,可以用排除法,将不太可能的选项一一排除。

3. 词义猜测题

(1)特点

词义猜测题主要测试考生根据上下文正确推测判断文章中出现的某一重要词语、短语或句子含义的能力。对语义考查有两种方式:一种是对单词和短语的考查,一种是对句子含义的考查。而对词汇的考查也分为两种情况:一种是生僻词含义推测,另一种是熟词生义或熟词在特定语境中的意思。若考生的词汇量较大,对答题有一定的帮助,但也不一定能完全答对,因为同一个单词在不同的语境中会有不同的含义,因此考生需要利用上下文来理解词义。

(2)解题技巧

语义题的主要命题方式有:

What does the phrase “...” in the second paragraph (Line 12) mean?

The underlined word “...” (Para.2, Line 5) probably means ______.

Which of the following is nearest (closest) in meaning to the word “ ______”?

The underlined word “...” refers to ______.

According to the passage, “...” means ______.

By saying “...”, the author means that ______.

The underlined word “...” in the third paragraph can be replaced by ______.

From the passage, we can infer that the word “...” means ______.

The author uses the word “...” to mean ______.

在做语义猜测题时,对于熟悉的词不要凭记忆,要从句子的前后关系和上下文来推测该词在句中的意思及在整段话中的含义;此外还可利用文章中的定义或解释来判断词义。作者有时在文章中对一些生词、短语或句子进行进一步的解释,其解释内容常伴随破折号、逗号、括号,还要注意that is, that is to say, in other words, namely, or等词直接引出同义解释。对于一些难懂的句子,要结合上下文反复推敲,同时联系作者的写作意图及全文的中心思想,猜出它的意思。

4. 主旨大意题

(1)特点

主旨大意题是阅读理解中最常见的题型之一,主要测试考生对文章整体理解概括的能力。考查内容包括给整篇文章加标题、归纳段落大意以及总结文章中心思想等。

(2)解题技巧

主旨题主要的提问方式有:

What is the passage mainly about?

What is the main topic of this passage?

The best title for this passage should be ______.

Which of the following is the most appropriate title for the passage?

Which of the following can be used as the title of this passage?

A proper title for this passage would be ______.

Which statement best expresses the main idea of the passage?

What does the passage mainly discuss?

Which topic of the following best suits the passage?

这种测试对全文主旨大意理解的题型先要读懂原文,理解作者的意图,可从寻找文章的主题句(topic sentence)入手。主题句通常以陈述句的形式出现,一般在文章的开头(第一句或第二句)或结尾,找出主题句后,进行概括和推理,从中得出文章的主旨大意。如果主题句不明显,需要正确理解文章的意思,发挥自己的逻辑推理和概括能力,找出主题句。要分析各个选项,看哪一个有表示主旨的关键词,该选项通常为正确答案。确立文章的标题需要抓住主题句,然后从主题句中提炼出关键词作为标题。

【实例分析】

Melbourne, with a population of over 3.5 million, is the second largest city in Australia. It is clean, safe, dynamic and exciting, and well known internationally for its universities and other educational institutions. The city has well-planned tree-lined wide streets and many beautiful parks and gardens. It has a good transport system of roads, buses, trains, and trams(电车). The La Trobe University (拉特罗布大学) campus is connected to the Central Business District by trams, express buses, and bus and train connections. Melbourne is a culturally rich city, and is home to large communities of people from all parts of the Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. The city is famous for its restaurants, theaters, music, opera, ballet, art, culture, and shops, and a lively and dynamic nightlife. Melbourne people are enthusiastic about sports, and the city hosts many famous international sports events. Near Melbourne there are beautiful coastlines with excellent beaches, national parks, forests, wineries (葡萄酒厂), winter snowfields and summer resorts. The climate is temperate and comfortable, with warm summers and cool winters. In summer, maximum daytime temperatures range from 26℃ to 36℃, and in winter from 12℃ to 18℃. The weather in Melbourne can be variable from day to day. In 2002, Melbourne was rated the worlds best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit.

( )1. Melbourne is well-known in the world for its _______.

A. large population B. educational institutions

C. transport system D. beautiful parks and garden

( )2. According to the passage, Melbourne is a city where _______.

A. rich people choose to live B. the best wine is produced

C. various cultures exist D. Asian food is popular

( )3. Melbourne people are very interested in _______.

A. sports B. sunbathing C. sightseeing D. traveling

( )4. The underlined word “temperate” most probably means _______.

A. hot B. mild C. dry D. cold

( )5. The best title for the passage might be _______.

A. An Ideal Place for Shopping B. A City with the Best Climate

C. The Worlds Best City to Live in D. The Worlds Most Beautiful City

【答案与分析】

1. B。本题为细节题。题干的意思是:墨尔本以什么在世界上著名。根据文章第二句 “It is clean, safe, dynamic and exciting, and well known internationally for its universities and other educational institutions.”(墨尔本干净、安全、生气勃勃、令人兴奋,以大学和其它教育机构而闻名世界。)题干中的is well-known for与原文中的is well known for相同,题干中的in the world相当于原文中的internationally,选项B中的educational institutions与原文中的its universities and other educational institutions对应,故答案是B。

2. C。 本题属于推理题。题干的意思是:根据本篇短文,墨尔本是一个什么样的城市。选项A和选项D所述的内容在原文中没有提到;原文中提到了wineries(葡萄酒厂),但并没有说最好的酒产自墨尔本,故B项错误;根据原文中的 “Melbourne is a culturally rich city, and is home to large communities of people from all parts of the Europe, America, Africa, and Asia.”(墨尔本是一个文化丰富的城市,是很多来自欧洲、美洲、非洲和亚洲各地的人的家。),既然墨尔本有来自欧洲、美洲、非洲和亚洲各地的人,由此可推断出在墨尔本存在着不同的文化,故C项正确。

3. A。本题为细节题。题干的意思是:墨尔本人对什么很感兴趣。根据原文中的 “Melbourne people are enthusiastic about sports, and the city hosts many famous international sports events.”(墨尔本人对体育很热情,该市举办很多著名的国际体育比赛项目。)题干中的Melbourne people 与原文中的Melbourne people 相同,题干中的are very interested in与原文中的are enthusiastic about对应,二者是同义短语,只不过enthusiastic比interested语气更强,除了表示“满腔热情的;热心的”的意思外,在这里表示“极感兴趣的”(having a strong feeling of interest and admiration)。故答案是A。

4. B。本题属于语义猜测题,要求判断“The climate is temperate …”一句中temperate的词义。文章最后谈到了墨尔本的气候。根据文章倒数第四句和第三句:The climate is temperate and comfortable, with warm summers and cool winters. In summer, maximum daytime temperatures range from 26℃ to 36℃, and in winter from 12℃ to 18℃.(墨尔本的气候……舒适,夏季温暖,冬季凉爽。夏天,白天最高气温在26℃ 到 36℃之间,冬天气温在12℃ 到 18℃之间。)由后面的解释可判断出temperate是“温带的;温和的”的意思,与mild(温暖的,暖和的)是同义词,故答案是B。此题也可用排除法来解,A项(热的),C项(干燥的),D项(冷的)显然与后面的解释不符,只有剩余的B项为答案。

5. C。本题属于典型的主旨大意题,要求判断本文的最佳标题。要给文章选一个最佳标

题,首先要理解全文,才能找出一个既能概括全文主题又能与文章内容密切相关的标题。本文介绍了墨尔本的人口、教育、交通、文化、气候等情况,文章的最后一句“In 2002, Melbourne was rated the worlds best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit.”(在2002年,墨尔本被《经济学家》信息部评为世界上最适宜居住的城市。)是总结性的,也是文章的主题句,因此C项最能概括全文的中心思想,为本文的最佳标题。

阅读理解能力的提高是一个循序渐进的过程,只要考生平时多读多做多练,掌握科学的阅读和解题技巧,一定能取得好的成绩。

猜你喜欢
原文中墨尔本题干
数字算式
墨尔本Fitzroy双层住宅
城市改造30年如何重现生机勃勃的“了不起的墨尔本”
Subcutaneous sarcoidosis of the upper and lower extremities:A case report and review of the literature
提纲挈领 拨云见日
在阅读题干中寻求解题锁钥
我的墨尔本
掌握方法 有效答题
导数的应用之局部不等式的构造