姚玲女 孔繁斗
[摘要] 目的 探讨原发性外阴阴道恶性黑色素瘤的临床特点、治疗及预后。 方法 回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第一医院自1995年6月~2010年2月期间收治的16例外阴阴道恶黑的临床资料。 结果 本组16例病例中,外阴恶黑12例(75.00%),阴道恶黑4例(25.00%)。手术率81.00%,手术方式以外阴广泛切除术和局部扩大切除术为主,8例患者应用了辅助治疗方法(免疫治疗、放疗、化疗)。随访时间1~98个月,失访2例,随访率87.50%,随访期内因复发或转移死亡9例,死亡率56.70%。外阴恶黑患者平均生存期37.10个月,3年生存率(除外失访和生存不足3年患者)为55.50%,仅3例患者现无瘤生存;阴道恶黑患者中1例生存期为17个月,2例现带瘤平均生存34.00个月,1例失访。 结论 原发性外阴阴道恶黑恶性程度高,治疗应以手术为主,辅以免疫、放化疗,早期诊断、合理分期、早期治疗、定期随诊是改善预后的关键因素。
[关键词] 恶性黑色素瘤;外阴;阴道;治疗;预后
[中图分类号] R737.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 2095-0616(2014)10-10-05
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment and the prognostic factors in patients with the primary malignant melanoma of vulva and vagina. Methods The clinical data of 16 patients with primary malignant melanoma of vulva and vagina, admitted to the first affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical University from 1995.6 to 2010.2 were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of the 16 cases, there were 12 cases of primary malignant melanoma of vulva(75%), 4 cases of primary malignant melanoma of vagina(25%).The rate of surgery was 81%, radical vulvectomy and extended resection were the main forms of the operations, and 8 cases was received the secondary treatment methods (immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy). The flow-up time was from 1 to 98 months, 2 cases were out of flow-up, and the flow-up rate was 87.5%.During the flow-up time, 9 patients died of recrudescence or metastasis, and the death rate was 56.7%.The mean survival period of the patients with the primary malignant melanoma of the vulva was 37.1 months, and the survival rate in 3 years was 55.5%(not including the patients who were out of flow-up and whose flow-up time were less than three years), and only 3 cases were alive without tumor. Among patients with the primary malignant melanoma of the vagina, the survival period of 1 patient was 17 months, 2 patients had been alive with tumor for 26-42monthes, the mean period was 34 months; and the other 1 patient was out of flow-up. Conclusion Malignant melanoma of the female genital tract is an high malignancy tumor, the therapy should be based on operation, supplemented by immunotherapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy. Early diagnose, equitable staging, early therapy and flow-up in time are very important for improving prognosis.
[Key words] Malignant melanoma; Vulva; Vagina; Therapy; Prognosis
女性生殖器恶性黑色素瘤临床非常罕见,仅占所有恶黑色素瘤(以下简称恶黑)的1%~5%,多见于外阴、阴道,也可见于宫颈、子宫体、子宫内膜及卵巢,恶性程度高,易转移,预后差。为进一步了解女性生殖器恶黑的临床特征、治疗及预后,并为大样本的临床分析提供病例,笔者回顾性分析了16例外阴阴道恶黑病例资料,报道如下。endprint
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择大连医科大学附属第一医院1995年6月~2010年2月期间收治的16例外阴阴道恶黑患者为研究对象,年龄33~86岁,中位年龄55岁,其中12例外阴恶黑(中位年龄为56岁),4例阴道恶黑(中位年龄为53岁)。1.3 分期
尚无统一观点,因本研究中的病理结果未能明确表明肿瘤的厚度和浸润深度,影响使用美国癌症联合会(AJCC)于2002年制定的分期[1],故根据国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)1994关于外阴癌手术和病理学进行分期,见表2。
1.4 治疗方法
临床上多以手术治疗为主,本组手术率为81%(13/16),8例患者辅以免疫、放化疗进行综合治疗。
1.4.1 手术治疗 外阴恶黑12例,初治8例,2例为外院术后入本院行进一步治疗。4例Ⅰ期患者:接受外阴广泛切除术2例,外阴广泛切除术+部分尿道切除1例,1例失访,1例生存期为,局部广泛切除术1例;4例Ⅱ期患者行外阴局部扩大切除术+部分尿道切除术2例、外阴广泛切除术1例、外阴及后半盆腔切除术,乙状结肠造瘘术1例;2例Ⅲ期患者行外阴广泛切除术+双侧腹股沟淋巴结清除术1例、外阴广泛切除术+右侧腹股沟淋巴结清除术1例 ;2例Ⅳ期患者,接受外阴广泛切除术+双侧腹股沟淋巴结清除术1例、外阴肿物切除术(姑息手术)1例(患者86岁)。阴道恶黑4例,仅1例Ⅲa期患者行阴道局部扩大切除术+右侧腹股沟淋巴结清除术,3例Ⅰ期患者均未行手术治疗。
1.5 随访
参照外阴癌随访标准:第1年1~6月每月1次,7~12月每两月1次;第2年每3个月1次;第3、4年每半年1次;第5年及以后每年1次。对所有患者进行定期随访。随访方式:建立随诊病志,门诊、电话等。随访内容:患者出院后的生存情况,有无复发或转移,近期或远期并发症情况及后续治疗情况等。生存时间为自手术治疗之日(未手术者为该病诊断之日)至末次随访日或死亡时间。随访截止时间为2010年2月。
1.6 统计学处理
查阅病志,收集患者的资料并进行描述性分析。应用SPSS13.0统计软件,计量资料用()的形式表示,采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
3 讨论
原发性外阴阴道恶黑是继外阴鳞状细胞癌之后的第2位女性生殖道恶性肿瘤。目前,该病在临床特征、治疗及预后因素等方面尚无定论,本研究即在这三个方面展开探讨。
该病临床上多见于绝经妇女,好发于光滑黏膜,外阴恶黑多于阴道恶黑,临床表现缺乏特异性。本组外阴恶黑患者就诊时主要临床表现为外阴包块,次为色素沉着和瘙痒;阴道恶黑主要为阴道包块,次为阴道流血流液。16例患者仅1例为无色素恶黑,余均有局部色素改变,多以发现外阴或阴道包块为主诉就诊,这也在一定程度上给予临床医生们警示:当发现外阴阴道出现局部异常色素沉着,对应AJCC归纳的恶黑早期征象四个特点:A(asymmetry)不对称病变;B(irregularity)边缘不规则;C(color variegation)颜色多样;D(dismeter enlarging):直径增大,应高度警惕恶黑可能。确诊多依靠活组织病理检查,近年大样本对照研究结果表明,活检并不增加患者的复发率及死亡率,也不影响患者的预后[2]。本组病例较少,无法就局部活检与预后进行相关性分析。
外阴恶黑传统手术方式为外阴根治切除及双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术,但目前认为手术范围需由肿瘤侵犯深度及生长方式决定。Hullu等[3-4]认为手术切除的范围应遵循肿瘤浸润深度及有无溃疡来决定。本组患者手术切缘范围为0.5~3.5cm,手术主要以外阴广泛切除和局部扩大切除为主,有1例IV期患者行姑息手术,术后生存30个月。Ⅰ期外阴恶黑患者有3例行外阴广泛切除术,1例失访,1例生存期为60个月,另1例现无瘤生存6个月;1例行局部扩大切除(生存48个月)。3例Ⅱ期患者:1例行外阴局部扩大切除(生存36个月);2例行外阴广泛切除(平均生存36个月)。有4例患者行腹股沟淋巴结清扫,分别为3例Ⅲ期和1例Ⅳ期,均出现转移,死亡2例。而阴道恶黑的传统手术观点是最大限度切除肿瘤及区域淋巴结,必要时扩大手术。研究中1例Ⅲa期阴道恶黑患者行阴道局部扩大切除术+右腹股沟淋巴结清除术[5],术后1年复发,生存期17个月。
辅助治疗方面,本组2例患者接受放疗结合化疗治疗,其中1例外阴恶黑Ⅲ期患者术后生存15个月,1例阴道恶黑I期患者未行手术,现已生存26个月。本组中6例患者辅以免疫治疗,其中1例为术前应用,明显缩小肿瘤面积;2例结合放化疗,其中1例IV期患者,生存期4年,较1例Ⅲ期患者只用放化疗长30+月,提示免疫治疗在外阴阴道恶黑中术前和术后辅助治疗中存在一定疗效,可有效改善预后。总之应当根据肿瘤侵犯深度,有无溃疡,临床有无可疑淋巴结,进行个体化的治疗。辅助治疗上免疫治疗被认为能延长无瘤生存期[6-7],化疗和放疗虽敏感性差,但对于晚期和不宜手术患者,仍不失为好的选择[8]。
据报道,外阴恶性黑色素瘤各期总的5年存活率约为47%[9],阴道恶性黑色素瘤各期总的5年存活率约为5% ~25%[10-11]。本研究中外阴恶黑患者3年生存率为55%,5年生存率为11% ,明显低于资料数据,考虑与病例较少有关。值得一提的是,研究中外阴恶黑Ⅱ期合并晚期妊娠患者1例,其病灶大小随妊娠发展迅速,平均每3个月增大1cm,终止妊娠经手术治疗后,生存期为44个月,该病例在一定程度上提示妊娠可能加快该病病程进展,但无明显提示其对预后的影响[12-14]。
有报道指出,恶黑预后与病灶有无黑色素沉着、生长方式、组织病理类型、肿瘤厚度、侵入皮肤层次、淋巴结转移情况及脉管内有无瘤栓有关[15]。本研究结果也提示临床分期越高、伴有溃疡、结节型生长方式、淋巴结转移、术中清淋巴不利于外阴阴道恶黑的预后生存,应用辅助治疗可以改善预后,而早期诊断、合理分期、早期治疗、定期随诊是改善预后的关键因素。endprint
[参考文献]
[1] Martin A,Weinstock MD. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States:patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1994,171(5):1225-12301.
[2] Bong JL,Herd RM,Hunter JA,et al.Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis [J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2002,46 (5):690-694.
[3] de Hullu JA,Oonk MH,van der Zee AG.Modern management of vulvar cancer[J].Curr Opin Obset Gynecol,2004,16(1):57-64.
[4] Rodriguez,AO.Female genital tract melanoma: the evidence is only skin deep[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2005,17 (1):1-4.
[5] 庞得全,王慧,王佩国,等.原发阴道、外阴恶性黑色素瘤的临床特征分析[J].中国煤炭工业医学杂志,2008,11(10):1484-1486.
[6] de Gast GC,Klumpen HJ,Vyth-Dreese FA,et al.Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutanceous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low dose interleukin-2,and renal cell carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2000,6(4):1267-1272.
[7] Kirkwood JM,Ibrahim JG,Sondak VK,et al.High-and Low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma:first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190[J].J Clin Oncol,2000,18(12):2444-2458.
[8] Zaffar M,Scott HJ1Vaginal melanoma:a current review[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,1998,18(6):5162-5191.
[9] BK Ragnarsson-Olding,BR Nilsson,LR Kanter-Lewensohn,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females[J].Cancer,1999,86(7):1285-1293.
[10] Piura B,RabinovichA,Yanai InbarI.Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: case report and review of literature[J].Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2002,23 (3):195-198.
[11] Boe. RagnarssonOlding,Hemming Johansson,LarsErik Rutqvist,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina[J].Cancer,1993,71(5):1893-1897.
[12] 曹泽毅.中华妇产科学(下册)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1999:2069.
[13] 臧荣余,张志毅,唐美琴.外阴恶性黑色素瘤治疗15例报告[J].中华妇产科杂志,2000,35(6):368.
[14] 高嵘,刘乃富,盛修贵.卵巢恶性黑色素瘤并腹盆腔广泛转移1例报告及文献复习[J].癌症,2010,29(4): 509-511.
[15] 李胜泽,马玲.原发性女性生殖器恶性黑色素瘤16例分析[J].蚌埠医学院学报,2001,26(2):115-116.
(收稿日期:2013-12-11)endprint
[参考文献]
[1] Martin A,Weinstock MD. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States:patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1994,171(5):1225-12301.
[2] Bong JL,Herd RM,Hunter JA,et al.Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis [J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2002,46 (5):690-694.
[3] de Hullu JA,Oonk MH,van der Zee AG.Modern management of vulvar cancer[J].Curr Opin Obset Gynecol,2004,16(1):57-64.
[4] Rodriguez,AO.Female genital tract melanoma: the evidence is only skin deep[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2005,17 (1):1-4.
[5] 庞得全,王慧,王佩国,等.原发阴道、外阴恶性黑色素瘤的临床特征分析[J].中国煤炭工业医学杂志,2008,11(10):1484-1486.
[6] de Gast GC,Klumpen HJ,Vyth-Dreese FA,et al.Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutanceous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low dose interleukin-2,and renal cell carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2000,6(4):1267-1272.
[7] Kirkwood JM,Ibrahim JG,Sondak VK,et al.High-and Low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma:first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190[J].J Clin Oncol,2000,18(12):2444-2458.
[8] Zaffar M,Scott HJ1Vaginal melanoma:a current review[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,1998,18(6):5162-5191.
[9] BK Ragnarsson-Olding,BR Nilsson,LR Kanter-Lewensohn,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females[J].Cancer,1999,86(7):1285-1293.
[10] Piura B,RabinovichA,Yanai InbarI.Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: case report and review of literature[J].Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2002,23 (3):195-198.
[11] Boe. RagnarssonOlding,Hemming Johansson,LarsErik Rutqvist,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina[J].Cancer,1993,71(5):1893-1897.
[12] 曹泽毅.中华妇产科学(下册)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1999:2069.
[13] 臧荣余,张志毅,唐美琴.外阴恶性黑色素瘤治疗15例报告[J].中华妇产科杂志,2000,35(6):368.
[14] 高嵘,刘乃富,盛修贵.卵巢恶性黑色素瘤并腹盆腔广泛转移1例报告及文献复习[J].癌症,2010,29(4): 509-511.
[15] 李胜泽,马玲.原发性女性生殖器恶性黑色素瘤16例分析[J].蚌埠医学院学报,2001,26(2):115-116.
(收稿日期:2013-12-11)endprint
[参考文献]
[1] Martin A,Weinstock MD. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina in the United States:patterns of incidence and population-based estimates of survival[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,1994,171(5):1225-12301.
[2] Bong JL,Herd RM,Hunter JA,et al.Incisional biopsy and melanoma prognosis [J].J Am Acad Dermatol,2002,46 (5):690-694.
[3] de Hullu JA,Oonk MH,van der Zee AG.Modern management of vulvar cancer[J].Curr Opin Obset Gynecol,2004,16(1):57-64.
[4] Rodriguez,AO.Female genital tract melanoma: the evidence is only skin deep[J].Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol,2005,17 (1):1-4.
[5] 庞得全,王慧,王佩国,等.原发阴道、外阴恶性黑色素瘤的临床特征分析[J].中国煤炭工业医学杂志,2008,11(10):1484-1486.
[6] de Gast GC,Klumpen HJ,Vyth-Dreese FA,et al.Phase I trial of combined immunotherapy with subcutanceous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, low dose interleukin-2,and renal cell carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2000,6(4):1267-1272.
[7] Kirkwood JM,Ibrahim JG,Sondak VK,et al.High-and Low-dose interferon alfa-2b in high-risk melanoma:first analysis of intergroup trial E1690/S9111/C9190[J].J Clin Oncol,2000,18(12):2444-2458.
[8] Zaffar M,Scott HJ1Vaginal melanoma:a current review[J].J Obstet Gynaecol,1998,18(6):5162-5191.
[9] BK Ragnarsson-Olding,BR Nilsson,LR Kanter-Lewensohn,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva in a nationwide, 25-year study of 219 Swedish females[J].Cancer,1999,86(7):1285-1293.
[10] Piura B,RabinovichA,Yanai InbarI.Primary malignant melanoma of the vagina: case report and review of literature[J].Eur J Gynaecol Oncol,2002,23 (3):195-198.
[11] Boe. RagnarssonOlding,Hemming Johansson,LarsErik Rutqvist,et al. Malignant melanoma of the vulva and vagina[J].Cancer,1993,71(5):1893-1897.
[12] 曹泽毅.中华妇产科学(下册)[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1999:2069.
[13] 臧荣余,张志毅,唐美琴.外阴恶性黑色素瘤治疗15例报告[J].中华妇产科杂志,2000,35(6):368.
[14] 高嵘,刘乃富,盛修贵.卵巢恶性黑色素瘤并腹盆腔广泛转移1例报告及文献复习[J].癌症,2010,29(4): 509-511.
[15] 李胜泽,马玲.原发性女性生殖器恶性黑色素瘤16例分析[J].蚌埠医学院学报,2001,26(2):115-116.
(收稿日期:2013-12-11)endprint