梁 政 综述 周慧芳 审校
MicroRNA-21在结直肠癌中的研究进展
梁 政 综述 周慧芳 审校
结直肠癌是我国常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一。目前认为结直肠癌的形成是一个多因素、多步骤的过程,其具体的发病机制尚不清楚。microRNA(miRNA)是一类非编码的小分子RNA,能在转录后水平调控基因蛋白的表达,参与肿瘤细胞增殖、分化、侵袭和转移,对结直肠癌的发生和发展具有重要的作用。miRNA-21是当前研究miRNA在结直肠癌发病机制的热点之一,本文就miR-21在结直肠癌中的研究进展作一综述。
MicroRNA-21 结直肠癌
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是常见消化道恶性肿瘤之一。在世界范围内其发病率呈上升趋势,随着人民生活水平的改善和饮食结构的改变,在我国的发病率也日益升高[1]。结直肠癌的发病是一个多基因、多因素、多步骤的过程。MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类非编码的小RNA,参与多种重要的细胞功能,如细胞分化、增殖、凋亡和肿瘤发生。miR-21是一种原癌miRNA,在多种实体肿瘤包括结直肠癌中明显高表达,参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、分化及凋亡,对肿瘤生长、侵袭和转移起重要的调节作用。本文就近年来miR-21在结直肠癌中的研究进展作一综述。
microRNAs(miRNAs)是真核生物中发现的一类长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA,能够在转录后水平对其靶基因进行负调控。miR-21是miRNA家族的重要成员,位于17q23.2染色体区域的蛋白编码基因TMEM49基因,参与细胞发育、增殖、分化、凋亡、代谢等过程。miR-21初级转录产物在细胞核内经核酸内切酶Drosha剪切,成为前体miR-21,然后转运到胞浆内,由Dicer酶剪切为更短的RNA双链片段,其中一条链成为成熟miR-21,它通过抑制和降解靶基因mRNA来负调控基因的表达。miR-21可以作用于多种靶基因,如磷酸酯酶-张力蛋白同源物PTEN、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂RECK、程序性细胞死亡因子4、P53、乳腺丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、caspase-3/ 7/9、原肌球蛋白1、Bcl-2、hMSH2等[2-5],其表达同样受到多种因子的调节,靶基因也可以通过反馈通路来调控miR-21的表达,在这复杂的调控网络中,miR-21处于核心地位。
结直肠癌的形成是一个多基因、多因素、多阶段共同参与的发生过程。目前研究表明miRNA参与CRC的发病,其中以miR-21的研究较为深入。Deng等[5]以结场癌细胞系HT-29为研究对象,发现当过表达miR-21后,不仅能抑制肿瘤细胞的凋亡,而且能促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和转移,同时能增加肿瘤细胞对5-Fu的耐药性。当抑制miR-21的表达后能促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制细胞转移,明显改善对5-Fu的耐药性。另有研究发现在细胞系Caco-2、SW480和SW620中,趋化因子CCL20低表达,同时生物信息学预测和荧光报告系统证实CCL20是miR-21的靶基因,表明miR-21/CCL20参与CRC的发病[6,7]。以肿瘤组织和DLD-1细胞系为研究对象,发现miR-21在肿瘤组织中明显高表达,当在DLD-1细胞系中沉默miR-21表达时,细胞迁移活性降低30%,表明miR-21能促进肿瘤细胞的转移[8]。炎症反应在CRC发生中具有重要的作用,炎症诱导下产生的COX-2酶促进前列腺素E2的产生,进而抑制PDCD4的表达,而PDCD4是miR-21的靶基因,COX-2抑制剂NS398能显著降低miR-21的表达,同时促进PDCD4的表达[9]。Asangani等[10]研究发现miR-21能作用于抑癌基因PDCD4,抑制结直肠癌细胞的侵袭,向血管内游离以及转移。
大多文献报道主要通过miRNA芯片和Real-time PCR检测技术发现miR-21不仅在CRC患者肿瘤组织明显高表达,而且在血浆和粪便中同样高表达[11-15]。临床以血浆和粪便为检测标本,miR-21可以作为一个无创、可靠、非侵入性的诊断性指标。miR-21不仅可以作为诊断指标,而且具有监测病情变化,反映治疗效果和监测复发和转移的作用。目前为止,miR-21是CRC患者最理想的预后指标之一[16]。文献报道miR-21的升高不仅与淋巴结和远处转移相关,而且能提示CRC患者的无病生存期缩短,以及治疗效果差的特点,是判断预后的独立预测因素一[17,18]。miR-21在结肠癌肝转移患者中明显高表达,与无病间期呈正相关,即miR-21高表达的患者其无病间期明显缩短,表明miR-21高表达患者更容易出现肝转移[19]。与正常组织相比,miR-21在结肠癌肿瘤组织高表达,值得强调的是,与Ⅰ/Ⅱ期的患者相比,miR-21在Ⅲ/Ⅳ期患者显著高表达,表明miR-21的表达与临床分期相关[20]。复发患者肿瘤组织中miR-21的表达明显增高[21]。miR-21与静脉浸润、肝转移和肿瘤分期呈正相关,高表达组的总生存和无病生存比低表达组明显缩短[22]。总之,miR-21可以作为临床诊断、判断复发,预测转移、临床分期和化疗耐药等检测指标。
结直肠癌的治疗主要包括手术、化疗和放疗等手段,但目前患者的死亡率仍很高,迫切需要其他有效治疗措施。miR-21在CRC患者中高表达,与CRC的临床分期,转移,预后密切相关,因此,miR-21可望成为CRC基因治疗的新靶点。目前,反义miR-21的寡核苷酸链和RNA干扰技术可以阻断miR-21对靶基因的转录后调节,从而抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和促进其凋亡,这两种技术被广泛应用在以miR-21为靶点治疗肿瘤的研究中。Song等[23]研究发现,通过转染反义miR-21能显著降低细胞内miR-21的表达,不仅可以明显抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,而且同样能抑制血管的生成。Asangani等[10]同样报道抑制miR-21的表达能促进抑癌基因PDCD4的表达进而减少肿瘤的转移,表明抑制miR-21可以明显抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖、转移和血管生成。不仅如此,研究表明在耐药结直肠癌细胞株HCT-116和HT-29中,反义miR-21能增加5-Fu化疗药物的敏感性,miR-21与化疗药具有协同作用[24]。综上所述,通过对miR-21的深入研究,预测其很有可能成为治疗CRC的新靶点。
结直肠癌是一类常见的消化系统的恶性肿瘤,严重威胁着人类健康。随着对miRNA在结直肠癌中作用的深入研究,发现miR-21与CRC的发生发展密切相关,不仅参与肿瘤细胞的恶性增殖、凋亡、转移等多个过程,而且对结直肠癌的早期诊断、临床分期、预后评估、疗效评价等方面均具有重要作用,有可能成为CRC治疗的新靶点。
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(2014-11-01收稿)(2014-12-09修回)
(本文编辑:郑莉)
Advances in research on microRNA-21 in colorectal cancer
Zheng LIANG,Huifang ZHOU
Department of Ear-Nose-Throat,Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300060,China
Huifang ZHOU;E-mai:ent1682002@126.com
Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common digestive system neoplasms in China.Recently,the morbidity and mortality rates of CRC continue to increase with the improvement of people's living standard and the change of the dietary structure.It was accepted that the etiology of colorectal cancer is a multi-factor and multi-step process.However,the mechanism of CRC is still unclear.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are a class of-21 nucleotide non-coding RNAs and function as a negative regulator of gene expression after transcription,participating in tumor angiogenesis,tumor cell proliferation and invasion.MicroRNA-21(miR-21),as an important oncogenic RNA,plays a vital role in the development and progression of CRC.This review summarizes the advances in research on miR-21 in colorectal cancer.
MicroRNA;colorectal cancer
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20142093
天津医科大学总医院耳鼻咽喉科(天津市300052)
周慧芳 ent1682002@126.com
梁政 专业方向为肿瘤基础研究与头颈肿瘤临床诊治。
E-mail:ent1682002@126.com