抗类风湿关节炎新药托法替尼的药理与临床研究进展

2014-06-27 23:14:20张乐多刘海燕
上海医药 2014年9期
关键词:类风湿性关节炎

张乐多 刘海燕

摘 要 托法替尼为作用于细胞内酪氨酸激酶的小分子口服抑制剂,用于治疗成人甲氨喋呤反应不佳或不能耐受的中度至重度活动性类风湿性关节炎,临床可与甲氨喋呤及其他非生物类DMARDs联合使用。本文就其作用机制、药效学、药动学、相互作用、临床评价及安全性等方面进行综述。

关键词 托法替尼 类风湿性关节炎 酪氨酸激酶抑制剂

中图分类号: R971.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1533(2014)09-0057-04

ABSTRACT Tofacitinib citrate, an inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAKs), is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis who have had an inadequate response or intolerance to methotrexate. It may be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or other nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The mechanism, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interaction, clinical evaluation and safety of tofacitinib citrate were reviewed.

KEY WORDS tofacitinib citrate;rheumatoid arthritis;Janus kinases inhibitors

类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是以慢性、进展性滑膜炎为主要病理改变的多系统受累的自身免疫性疾病。全球发病率约为0.5%,我国的发病率约为0.3%,有较高的致残率和死亡率[1]。目前治疗RA的药物有非甾体抗炎药、选择性COX-2抑制剂、类固醇类及改善病情的抗风湿药物

3 药动学特点

本品口服后,0.5~1 h达到Cmax,t1/2约为3 h,绝对生物利用度为74%。与高脂饮食合用不影响AUC,但Cmax降低32%。在治疗剂量范围内,观察到的全身暴露量与剂量成比例增加。在放射性标记试验中,超过65%的总循环放射性物为托法替尼的原型,剩余的35%由8个代谢物组成,每种约占总放射性的8%以下,并且体外试验结果显示,其代谢物对JAK1/3的抑制率均小于原型的10%,所以本品的药理活性主要来自于托法替尼本身[2-4]。

基于不同年龄、体重、性别及种族的RA患者,对肾功能不同的群体PK分析表明,患者体重与托法替尼的暴露量无临床相关性。但是对于中度、重度肾功能损伤及中度肝功能损伤的患者,建议将每日剂量降低到5 mg[2]。与健康受试者相比RA患者的表观清除率低43%[4]。

4 药物相互作用

体外试验证实,本品在高于稳态Cmax 185倍的作用浓度下,不会对主要的肝药酶产生抑制或诱导作用,并且在治疗浓度下,对转运体如P-糖蛋白、有机阴离子或阳离子转运蛋白,也没有抑制作用。

体内试验中,RA患者口服本品的清除不随时间变化,说明患者的CYP酶的活性未改变,因此合用CYP酶底物(如咪达唑仑),不会影响其PK性质及临床效应,此结果与体外试验相一致。

由于本品主要由CYP 3A4和CYP 2C19代谢,因此与CYP 3A4的抑制剂或诱导剂合用时会产生相互作用。

5 临床评价

本品的临床试验包括2个剂量范围研究试验和5个验证性试验。

5.1 剂量范围研究试验

本品的临床剂量来自于2个剂量爬坡试验。试验1是持续6个月的单一治疗试验,共纳入384名DMARDs治疗反应不佳的活动性类风湿关节炎患者9 小结

JAK是一类非常重要的药物靶点,针对这一靶点而研发的JAK抑制剂主要用于筛选血液系统疾病、肿瘤、类风湿性关节炎及银屑病等治疗药物[11]。托法替尼作为JAK3的强效抑制剂,其起效快,生物利用度高,对MTX治疗反应不佳或不耐受的中度至重度活动性RA成人患者的疗效确切,安全性也得到证实。与已经上市的抗体类大分子生物制剂相比,本品的优势在于:①作为JAK的选择性抑制剂,其通过调节Type I/II细胞因子受体介导的JAK/STATs信号传导通路来调节细胞的自身免疫,对自身免疫性疾病选择性好[6,12];②作为小分子化合物,口服给药,方便患者用药,避免了注射给药带来的皮肤刺激等不良反应;③单一给药或合并甲氨喋呤等非生物制剂给药,疗效确切。本品可能是近10年来第一个口服有效的改善病情的抗风湿药物DMARDs。基于上述优点,本品可能将成为RA患者减轻痛苦,提高生活质量的又一新选择。

参考文献

[1] 雷玲, 赵铖, 米存东. 类风湿关节炎病情活动指标与DAS28的相关性研究[J]. 广西医科大学学报, 2008, 25(6): 893-895.

[2] United States Food and Drug Administration. Label approved on 11/06/2012 (PDF) for tofacitinib[EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/203214s000lbl.Pdf.

[3] Dowty ME, Lin J, Ryder TF, et al. The pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and clearance mechanisms of tofacitinib, a janus kinase inhibitor, in humans[J]. Drug Metab Dispos, 2014, 42(4): 757-779. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1124/dmd.113.054940.

[4] United States Food and Drug Administration. Review approved on 11/06/2012 for clinical pharmacology biopharmaceutics review(s) (PDF) [EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/203214Orig1s000ClinPharmR.Pdf.

[5] 虞忠, 肖坤全. JAK抑制剂临床研究进展[J]. 海峡药学, 2012, 24(1): 18-20.

[6] Ghoreschi K, Jesson MI, Li X, et al. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) [J]. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 4234–4243.

[7] Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(3): 617-629.

[8] Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(4): 970-981.

[9] Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 495–507.

[10] van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 508–519.

[11] Kontzias A, Kotlyar A, Laurence A, et al. Jakinibs: a new class of kinase inhibitors in cancer and autoimmune disease[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2012, 12(4): 464–470.

[12] OShea JJ, Kontzias A, Yamaoka K, et al. Janus kinase Inhibitors in autoimmune diseases[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(2): ii111–ii115.

(收稿日期:2014-02-14)

[4] United States Food and Drug Administration. Review approved on 11/06/2012 for clinical pharmacology biopharmaceutics review(s) (PDF) [EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/203214Orig1s000ClinPharmR.Pdf.

[5] 虞忠, 肖坤全. JAK抑制剂临床研究进展[J]. 海峡药学, 2012, 24(1): 18-20.

[6] Ghoreschi K, Jesson MI, Li X, et al. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) [J]. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 4234–4243.

[7] Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(3): 617-629.

[8] Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(4): 970-981.

[9] Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 495–507.

[10] van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 508–519.

[11] Kontzias A, Kotlyar A, Laurence A, et al. Jakinibs: a new class of kinase inhibitors in cancer and autoimmune disease[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2012, 12(4): 464–470.

[12] OShea JJ, Kontzias A, Yamaoka K, et al. Janus kinase Inhibitors in autoimmune diseases[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(2): ii111–ii115.

(收稿日期:2014-02-14)

[4] United States Food and Drug Administration. Review approved on 11/06/2012 for clinical pharmacology biopharmaceutics review(s) (PDF) [EB/OL]. [2014-01-17]. http: //www.Accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2012/203214Orig1s000ClinPharmR.Pdf.

[5] 虞忠, 肖坤全. JAK抑制剂临床研究进展[J]. 海峡药学, 2012, 24(1): 18-20.

[6] Ghoreschi K, Jesson MI, Li X, et al. Modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses by tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) [J]. J Immunol, 2011, 186(7): 4234–4243.

[7] Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(3): 617-629.

[8] Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690, 550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2012, 64(4): 970-981.

[9] Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 495–507.

[10] van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(6): 508–519.

[11] Kontzias A, Kotlyar A, Laurence A, et al. Jakinibs: a new class of kinase inhibitors in cancer and autoimmune disease[J]. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2012, 12(4): 464–470.

[12] OShea JJ, Kontzias A, Yamaoka K, et al. Janus kinase Inhibitors in autoimmune diseases[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2013, 72(2): ii111–ii115.

(收稿日期:2014-02-14)

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