闫 伟,何昆仑,李伟聪,朱伟红
解放军总医院 南楼心内科,北京 100853
临床研究
左心室射血分数正常的心力衰竭患者临床特征及相关因素分析
闫 伟,何昆仑,李伟聪,朱伟红
解放军总医院 南楼心内科,北京 100853
目的分析左心室射血分数正常的心力衰竭(heart failure with normal ejection fraction,HFNEF)患者的实验室数据、基础疾病、心脏超声指标和危险因素等。方法本研究为单中心研究,共收入我院心内科2010年1月- 2013年1月40岁以上全部心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)住院患者511例,其中HFNEF患者186例,射血分数减低的心力衰竭(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFREF)患者325例,比较分析他们的实验室数据、基础疾病和超声指标。结果HFNEF组占所有HF住院患者的36.4%。与HFREF组相比,HFNEF组多为高龄、女性,其血钠偏高、血红蛋白偏低,多合并高血压病、房颤、脑梗死、肾功能不全。两组N-末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)均升高,但HFREF组升高更明显(P<0.05);HFNEF组左心室呈对称性肥厚、左心室内径和容积正常或减小。左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)升高,但程度不如HEREF组显著(P<0.05);女性、高血压病、房颤为HFNEF的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论HFNEF是复杂的综合征,女性、高血压病和房颤是其危险因素。
心力衰竭;射血分数;超声心动图;危险因素
心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)作为一种进展性临床综合征,是几乎所有心血管疾病的终末表现和主要致死原因。其中,左心室射血分数正常的心衰(heart failure with normal ejection fraction,HFNEF)指具有充血性HF的症状或体征,左心室收缩功能正常或轻度异常,左心室舒张功能异常的临床综合征[1-2]。国外临床研究结果显示HFNEF在HF中所占比例为40% ~ 71%。住院病人中该比例有所降低,为24% ~ 55%,社区人群中更低。目前射血分数减低的心衰(heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,HFREF)患者生存率已得到明显改善,而HFNEF却驻足不前[3]。因此,HFNEF人群发病率高于我们以往的认识,预后也比想象得差,应引起高度重视。本研究是通过与HFREF住院患者对比,对HFNEF住院患者的相关因素进行分析研究。
1 研究对象 收集2010年1月- 2013年1月在我院心内科住院的40岁以上HF患者511例。HF的诊断标准参照2012年欧洲心脏病协会(European Society of Cardiology,ESC)急、慢性HF诊断和治疗指南[4],排除急性心肌梗死、先天性心脏病、肥厚性心肌病、限制性心肌病、严重瓣膜性心脏病(心脏超声见瓣膜病变程度达中度以上)、心肌炎、心肌淀粉样变、缩窄性心包炎、严重心律失常(病态窦房结综合征、Ⅱ度以上房室传导阻滞)、严重慢性阻塞性肺病、严重支气管哮喘、严重肾功能不全(尿毒症)、严重贫血或恶性肿瘤等。根据2007年ESC诊断HFNEF的共识声明[5],将射血分数(ejection fraction,EF)为50%作为HFNEF(EF≥50%)与HFREF(EF<50%)的切点值,即HFNEF的诊断须满足三个条件:1)有HF的体征或症状;2)左心室收缩功能正常或轻度异常(EF≥50%和左心室舒张末期容积指数(left ventricular enddiastolic volume index,LVEDVI<97 ml/m2);3)左心室舒张功能异常。根据以上标准,511例HF患者中HFNEF 186例,HFREF 235例。
2 观察指标 性别、年龄、体质量指数、病史,HF的病因及合并症,超声心动图指标,血常规及血生化指标,包括N-末端脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)。
3 超声心动图检查 入院后24 h内,取左侧卧位行二维M型超声心动图检查,测量左心室收缩末期内径(left ventricular end-systolic dimension,LVESD)、左心室舒张末期内径(left ventricular end-diastolic dimension,LVEDD)、室间隔厚度(intraventricular septum thickness,IVST)和左心室后壁厚度(posterior wall thickness,PWT)。用Devereux法计算左心室质量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)[6]。在心尖四腔观与两腔观采用改良的Simpson法测量EF值及左心室舒张末容积(left ventricular enddiastolic volume,LVEDV)。
4 统计学处理 采用SPSS19.0软件,计数资料以频数(率)表示,采用χ2检验,计量资料用-±s表示,采用两独立样本t检验。若数据不符合正态分布,将数据进行对数转换后再检验。危险因素采用Logistic多因素回归分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
1 两组临床指标比较 与HFREF组相比,HFNEF组年龄偏大,女性偏多,血钠偏高,血红蛋白偏低,差异均有统计学意义;高血压病、房颤、脑梗死、肾功能不全的患者比例偏高,差异均有统计学意义;NT-proBNP均升高,差异有统计学意义。见表1。
2 两组超声心动图比较 HFNEF组左心室壁增厚更明显(P<0.01),为IVST与PWT增厚。HFNEF组的LVEDD与LVESD也明显小于HFREF组(P<0.01)。LVEDV、LVEDVI及LVMI,HFNEF组比HFREF明显低下(P<0.01)。见表2。
表1 两组临床指标比较Tab. 1 Clinical parameters of two groups(n, %)
表2 两组超声心动图指标比较Tab. 2 Echocardiography parameters of two groups
3 Logistic回归分析HFNEF的危险因素 与HFREF比较,女性、高血压病、房颤均是HFNEF的相关危险因素。见表3。
表3 HFNEF危险因素分析Tab. 3 Logistic multivariate analysis showing risk factors for HF with NEF
HF分为舒张性心衰(diastolic heart failure,DHF)和收缩性心衰(systolic heart failure,SHF)。近年来HFNEF的提法越来越多地代替了DHF,因为左心室舒张功能不全不仅会出现在DHF患者中,同时也与收缩功能不全一起出现在SHF患者中[5]。本研究HFNEF患者占所有HF住院患者的36.4%,这与国外临床研究中HFNEF占HF住院患者的比例(24% ~ 55%)一致。HFNEF患者住院比例低的原因可能为人们对该类HF缺乏认识,传统观念通常根据EF值来判断有无HF,而HF的大多数症状又缺乏特异性,从而造成该类HF的误诊与漏诊,尤其是男性,HFNEF的住院比例更低。
与既往文献报道一致,本研究HFNEF患者多为高龄,女性,血红蛋白浓度偏低,且存在多种合并症,如高血压病、房颤等[7-8]。而房颤导致的心源性血栓是脑梗死的常见病因,故HFNEF患者脑梗死发生率偏高。流行病学调查显示HFNEF患者房颤发生率为30% ~ 40%,随机对照试验为20% ~ 30%[3]。血红蛋白浓度降低或贫血在HFNEF患者中更常见,可能由于贫血促进心搏量的增加,减小全身血管阻力,最终降低了心脏后负荷,大多数研究已经证明了HF合并贫血患者存在更高的死亡率[9]。肾功能不全在HFNEF患者中更常见,但两组患者血肌酐水平的差异却没有统计学意义,原因可能是肾血流量和肾功能在两组患者中都有下降,心肾功能衰竭是相互影响、相互恶化的一个过程[10]。本研究中HFREF组血钠水平偏低,可能与HFREF时心搏量下降,肾血流量减少,进而激活肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统有关,其激活后可导致水钠潴留,电解质紊乱,而水的潴留更多。
研究表明,HFNEF在心室结构和功能上也有其自身的特点,包括左心室向心性肥厚,即室间隔及左心室后壁对称性肥厚;正常或减低的左心室容积;还有最重要的心肌舒张特性的改变,表现为舒张延迟和(或)心室僵硬度增加,这与本研究结果相一致[6,11]。LVMI是评估左心室肥厚的一个指标,它的升高是由于左心室僵硬度的增加和充盈压的升高所致[12]。之前国际上关于DHF的诊断共识为都要有左心室舒缓、充盈和舒张僵硬度异常的阳性证据。但目前在有HF病史、LVEF≥50%、左心室向心性重构的患者中,左心室舒张末压升高者约占92%,且在左心室舒缓、充盈或舒张僵硬度异常的血流动力学或多普勒超声指标中至少有一项是异常的。所以左心室向心性重构对诊断HFNEF有重要价值,甚至有可能替代左心室舒张功能不全的直接证据。所以当测量发现上述患者BNP水平已有升高时,LVMI>122 g/m2(女)或>149 g/m2(男)可作为诊断左心室舒张功能不全的充分证据[5]。
有研究已证明HFNEF危险因素有高龄、女性、高血压病、肥胖、左心室肥厚、贫血、肾功能不全、房颤、糖尿病等[13-16]。本研究显示,与HFREF相比,HFNEF住院患者的独立危险因素有女性、高血压病及房颤。德国Tiller等[14]的研究表明高血压病是HFNEF发展的主要原因,适当地治疗高血压病可有效预防HFNEF的发展,它可能是由于高血压病影响了心室-血管偶合,而这是导致左心室肥厚和舒张功能不全的关键因素[16]。房颤能使患者的心功能恶化,降低生活质量。不论基础状态下的LVEF如何,房颤与HF的不良预后有关[5,9]。
本研究为较短期的单中心研究,观察HF住院患者,样本量较小,尤其是HFNEF组,结果可能存在选择偏倚。患者的检查都是住院期间某一时间点的结果,难以反映长期的状态变化。另外,由于不同超声心动图操作者水平及图像质量的差异,难以精确反映部分患者的LVEF,造成少数患者的误分类。
总之,HFNEF是一个复杂的临床综合征,女性、高血压病及房颤是HFNEF住院患者重要的危险因素。目前人们对HFNEF病理,生理及治疗等方面还知之甚少,故更多的基础及临床研究还有待进一步开展。
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Relevant factors for heart failure with normal ejection fraction in 511 heart failure patients
YAN Wei, HE Kun-lun, LI Wei-cong, ZHU Wei-hong
Department of Cardiology in South Building, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
HE Kun-lun. Email: hekunlun2002@yahoo.com
ObjectiveTo analyze the relevant factors ( including laboratory data, basic diseases, echocardiography parameters and risk factors) for heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF).MethodsFive hundred and eleven HF patients at the age of over 40 years, admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to January 2013, were divided into HFNEF group (n=186) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF) group (n=325). Their laboratory data, basic diseases and echocardiography parameters were analyzed.ResultsThe patients with HFNEF accounted for 36.4% of all hospitalized HF patients. The age of patients with HFNEF was older, the number of female patients with HFNEF was higher, the serum sodium level was higher while the hemoglobin level was lower, and the incidence of hypertension, atrial fbrillation (AF), cerebral infarction and renal insuffciency was signifcantly higher in HFNEF group than in HFREF group (P<0.05). The serum NT-proBNP level was higher in both groups but signifcantly higher in HFREF group than in HFNEF group (P<0.05). The left ventricle was symmetrically hypertrophy in HFNEF group with a shorter diameter and a normal or less volume or a higher left ventricular mass index (LVMI) than those in HFREF group (P<0.05). Female, hypertension and AF were the independent risk factors for HFNEF (P<0.05).ConclusionHFNEF is a complex syndrome. Female, hypertension and AF are its important risk factors.
heart failure; ejection fraction; echocardiography; risk factor
R 541.3
A
2095-5227(2014)01-0001-04
10.3969/j.issn.2095-5227.2014.01.001
时间:2013-08-06 10:14
http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3275.R.20130806.1014.002.html
2013-07-03
国家国际科技合作专项项目(2013DFA31170)
Supported by the Project for International S&T Cooperation program of China(2013DFA31170)
闫伟,女,在读硕士。研究方向:心力衰竭的临床诊治。Email: yanweikaoyan@163.com
何昆仑,男,博士生导师,主任医师,副主任。Email: hekunlun2002@yahoo.com