外事知识：国体、国教、国葬

2014-02-16 07:18谌华侨

重庆与世界 2014年3期

□ 文/谌华侨

重庆与柬埔寨的关系现状

中国与柬埔寨自1958年建交以来，经历了数次历史考验，建立了深厚的友谊。自上世纪90年代以来，双方关系进入了新的历史发展时期。2006年4月，温家宝总理访柬，双方共同宣布中柬建立“全面合作伙伴关系”。重庆作为中国西部的重要城市，成为柬方推进中柬关系的重要着力点。

早在1965年，柬埔寨西努哈克亲王就曾到渝访问。当时为迎接亲王的到来，重庆市还特意在鹅岭公园修建了两江亭。半个世纪后，柬埔寨王国于2004年12月在重庆设立总领事馆，为双边关系的快速发展搭建了良好的平台，双方互动增多。2007年9月，时任重庆市委书记汪洋率中共代表团访问柬埔寨并与柬埔寨首相洪森进行会谈。2011年6月，柬埔寨政府副首相涅本才来渝访问。同年10月，柬文化艺术部部长亨柴访渝并参加“中国—东盟（10+1）文化部长会晤”，期间与中国文化部部长蔡武和重庆市相关领导进行了深切交谈。11月，柬司法部大臣昂翁·瓦塔纳来渝访问并参加“中国—东盟法律合作与发展高层论坛”。2012年2月，柬首相助理、金边市政府办公厅主任李·萨维斯一行来渝并就双方合作与重庆市相关领导进行深切交流。2013年7月，重庆市外经委主任王毅率重庆商贸物流考察团访柬，并拜访柬商业部毛徒拉副部长。在双方频繁互动的助推下，2013年9月，重庆市与柬埔寨金边市正式结为友好城市。

在经贸方面，重庆与柬埔寨之间的贸易总量逐年增加。重庆的摩托车企业在柬拥有广阔市场。同时，柬埔寨在税收等方面也为中国企业赴柬投资与通商提供优惠。在中国—东盟自由贸易区建立以后，柬埔寨更成为了重庆的重要贸易伙伴。仅2012年，双方进出口贸易总额就达4393万美元。目前，共有8家重庆企业赴柬埔寨投资，2家柬埔寨企业来渝兴业。

在文化交流上，历任柬埔寨驻渝领事都积极参与重庆市外侨办组织的参观与考察活动，为推动民间交往贡献力量。柬埔寨丰富的旅游资源吸引了大批重庆市民赴柬旅游。柬埔寨的暹粒等地已成为重庆境外旅游的热门目的地。除此之外，渝柬双方的文艺团体与青年学生也进行互动交流。在2011年第12届亚洲艺术节上，柬埔寨的文艺工作者就为重庆市民带来了多场精彩的表演。

国体

国体即国家政权的组织形式，它反映了国家的阶级本质，它是由社会各阶级、阶层在国家中的地位所反应出来的国家的根本属性。它包括两个方面：一是各阶级、各阶层在国家中所处的统治与被统治地位；二是各阶级、阶层在统治集团内部所处的领导与被领导地位。

柬埔寨宪法规定，柬埔寨的国体是君主立宪制，实行自由民主制和自由市场经济，立法、行政、司法三权分立。国王是终身制国家元首、武装力量最高统帅、国家统一和永存的象征，有权宣布大赦，在首相建议并征得国会主席同意后有权解散国会。国王因故不能理政或不在国内期间由参议院主席代理国家元首职务。王位不能世袭，国王去世后由首相、佛教两派僧王、参议院和国会正副主席共9人组成的王位委员会在七日内从安东、诺罗敦和西索瓦三支王族后裔中遴选产生新国王。

国教

国教即国家宗教，它是指由国家确立的在本国具有高于其它宗教地位的宗教。国教往往负担着通过宗教宣扬国家思想的任务。国家宗教是实行国教制度的国家中占统治地位的官方意识形态，得到国家的支持和保护，并为维护国家政权的稳定和社会生活的秩序服务。在古代和中世纪，许多奴隶制和封建制的国家都有强制性的官方宗教。在现代仍然有实行国教制的国家。在这些国家，国教的地位一般不能由某个党派予以变更或否定，其教义、教规和礼拜仪式也不得随意更改。宗教在实行国教制的国家与实行政教合一或没有国教的国家均有所不同。

柬埔寨的国教是佛教，它对柬埔寨国内政治产生了重要影响。佛教早年在结束法国对柬埔寨殖民统治，特别是对国家统一发挥了不可替代的作用。如今，僧侣也积极参与世俗生活和政治生活，并积极要求自己和民众的权利，在柬埔寨社会生活中也发挥了极其重要的作用。

国葬

国葬是国家为了纪念对国家有卓越贡献的人而举行的葬礼，它表达了国家对逝者崇高的敬意。国葬是一种高规格的葬礼，代表了国家意志。国葬在许多国家都存在，如中国、日本、美国等。

西哈努克2012年10月15日在北京去世后，柬埔寨国王和首相亲自前往北京迎接太皇的灵柩，时任中国国务委员戴秉国专程护送至柬埔寨首都金边。时任全国政协主席贾庆林赴柬埔寨出席西哈努克太皇葬礼，这是近年来我国最高级别赴外致哀外交行为。

案例分析

Unpredictable, ebullient, mercurial, autocratic, self-indulgent - these are just some of the descriptions applied over the years to former King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.

Yet beneath all the joking and indulgence was a master politician and leader who frequently changed allegiances but always tried to preserve the unity of his country and prevent it being gobbled up by the big powers.

Born in 1922, Sihanouk was the eldest son of King Norodom Suramarit and Queen Kossamak. Educated at French schools in Saigon and in Paris, the Nazi-controlled Vichy government in France crowned Sihanouk king of Cambodia in 1941.

When a US-backed coup installed Lon Nol as Cambodia's leader, Sihanouk was forced into exile in Beijing. Sihanouk returned, and was again crowned king in 1993 when the UN in 1991 persuaded the Vietnamese to withdraw and set Cambodia on the road to democracy.

But as the country slowly worked its way towards political stability, Sihanouk's health steadily worsened. In 2004, he announced he would step down in favor of one of his sons, the current king Norodom Sihamoni. After that, Sihanouk spent much of his time overseas, in Beijing and Pyongyang to undergo medical treatment for cancer, diabetes and a series of mild strokes.

He wrote in a royal letter in January, 2012 that he requested his body to be cremated instead of being buried and his ashes to be put in an urn, preferably made of gold, and placed in a stupa at the Royal Palace.

On October 15th, 2012, the ex-Cambodian King died at the age of 90 in China's capital city of Beijing, where he was being treated for illnesses by Chinese doctors for years.

Cambodia’s Deputy Prime Minister announced that the former King died at 2:00 a.m. of natural causes and hailed him as a great king that all respected and loved. Mourners wore black ribbons and f l ags f l ew at half-mast in Cambodia following his death.

King Norodom Sihamoni and Prime Minister Hun Sen flew to Beijing that morning to receive Norodom Sihanouk’s body. His body was expected to be returned to Cambodia and go on display for three months in the capital Phnom Penh to allow people to pay their respects before an off i cial funeral at the royal palace.

"His death was a great loss to Cambodia," said his assistant and relative Prince Sisowath Thomico. "King Sihanouk did not belong to his family, he belonged to Cambodia and to history."

Officials from the US, China, North Korea and Japan, among other countries, also sent messages of condolence. A statement from China's foreign ministry hailed Sihanouk as a "great friend of the Chinese people". Japan's top government spokesman said without him "there could not have been success in the Cambodian peace process".

On Feb. 1st, 2013, three months after the death of the late King Father Sihanouk, Cambodia held a royal funeral march for him.

"All traditional and customary events during the funeral are kept the same as those during the cremations of previous kings, but this time, the ceremony will be the largest of all", said Prince Thomico, who is also former aide to the late King Father.

On that day, King Sihanouk's gold casket was carried on a golden f l oat, surrounded by off i cials wearing white, the color of mourning. The coffin carrying the embalmed body was paraded through the streets and was taken from the Palace in a procession to a custom-built crematorium at the Veal Preah Meru Square where his funeral pyre will be lit by his wife and son, King Norodom Sihamoni. The body will be kept there for another three days before it is cremated on Feb. 4th.

In Phnom Penh, crowds began lining the streets of Phnom Penh at dawn ahead of the parade. Students wearing white shirts with black ribbons pinned on them sang songs before offering f l owers at the royal palace.

Jia Qinglin, chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, attended the royal cremation ceremony and conveyed the grief of the 1.3 billion Chinese people to them over the passing-away of the King Father Norodom Sihanouk.

"It is the symbol of the friendship and the fraternity that links Cambodia to China; it is a big honor for Cambodia to have a respected leader of the People Republic of China attending the royal funeral," Prince Thomico told Xinhua in an exclusive interview.

Besides Jia, a number of foreign leaders including French Prime Minister Jean-MarcAyrault, Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung and Japan's Prince Akishino also took part in the cremation ceremony on Monday.

A week-long royal funeral of Cambodia's late King Norodom Sihanouk came to an end on Thursday when his cremains were taken from the cremation site to keep in the royal palace in a procession.

Sihanouk's remains were stored in three urns at the royal palace. Chea Kean, vice president of the National and International Ceremony Organizing Committee, said that two urns were made of gold and one was made of marble.

热门词汇：

● Ebullient adj. 热情的，乐观的

● Mercurial adj. 雄辩机智的

● Indulgence n. 放纵，沉溺

● Allegiance n. 忠诚，忠贞，拥戴

● Gobble v. 狼吞虎咽，贪食，吞咽

● Exile n. 放逐，流放

● Stupa n. 坟冢，佛塔

● Condolence n. 哀悼，吊唁

● Aide n. 助手，副官

● Casket n. 棺材

● Embalm v. （用香料或药物）保存尸体

● Crematorium n. 火葬场

● Pyre n. 火葬用的柴堆

● Urn n. 骨灰缸，瓮

西哈努克太皇与中国历代领导人的友好交往

据文献记载，中柬交往始于公元1世纪末，即东汉章帝元和元年（84年）。中国三国时期的东吴于公元244—251年间首次派遣使节访问柬埔寨，这是中国第一次派专使同南海诸国进行交往。康泰撰写的《吴时外传》，是中国乃至世界宝库中最早介绍柬埔寨的一部著作。

1955年4月，西哈努克在气候宜人的“花城”万隆参加亚非会议，认识了中华人民共和国总理周恩来，西哈努克亲王曾多次对人提及，在世界领导人中，他最敬佩的有两位：一位是法国的戴高乐总统，另一位就是中国的周恩来总理。

自1958年7月19日两国正式建交以来，中国老一辈领导人和西哈努克太皇共同缔造的中柬友好事业历久弥坚。两国领导人多次互访，友谊深厚，为两国关系的长期稳定与发展奠定了坚实的政治基础与军事基础。西哈努克国王在长达近半个世纪的友好交往中，与中国的第一代领导人毛泽东、刘少奇、周恩来、第二代领导人邓小平以及第三代领导人江泽民，以及与胡锦涛、温家宝等均建立起了十分友好的个人情谊，西哈努克国王将中国称为真正的朋友。

当1964年柬埔寨同美国支持的南越政权关系极度紧张时，周恩来代表中国政府向柬埔寨领导人西哈努克作出安全承诺，这在中国和非社会主义国家的交往史上是极其少见的，可以毫不夸张地说，中柬之间存在着一种“特殊关系”，两国从彼此缺乏了解到交往日益频繁，并在一系列国际问题上互相配合与协调。

西哈努克曾在成都用法文写下了一首《怀念中国》的诗，亲自谱曲并亲自演唱，他说他是中国人民的伟大朋友。1970年3月，在柬埔寨金边政变的危难时刻，西哈努克受到中国的深切款待，他多次表示北京就是他的第二故乡，中柬传统友谊会世代相传，当西哈努克回国前夕，他特意作曲《我亲爱的第二祖国》以此纪念。

两国的友好往来极大地推动了合作交流，两国先后签署了文化、旅游、农业等合作文件，两国议会、军队、警务、新闻、卫生、文教、信息、水利、气象、建设、农业、文物保护等部门也先后实现了合作交流。作为柬友好邻邦，中国是柬埔寨最可信赖的朋友，中国一如既往奉行对柬友好政策，柬方也将为促进东盟—中国关系发挥积极和建设性作用，推动中柬全面战略伙伴关系向前发展。