姚海萍,梁振纲,杨先会,邓世明
1海南大学热带生物资源教育部重点实验室;2 海南大学海洋学院,海口 570228
平颏海蛇(Lapemis curtus)为眼镜蛇科平颏海蛇属的爬行动物,俗名棘海蛇,国内主要分布于海南、福建、台湾、山东、香港、广西[1],已被广西中药材标准收载,具有祛风除湿、舒筋活络作用[2]。海南民间常用于泡酒、煲汤治疗各类风湿疾病,效果显著。关于平颏海蛇的化学成分,我国学者雷羽等以青环海蛇和平颏海蛇的混合干体为研究对象,从中提取分离得到胆甾醇、1-甲基海因等4 个化合物。为了研究海蛇药用功效的物质基础及扩大药源,本实验对平颏海蛇干体的化学成分进行了研究,共分离得到7 个化合物,根据理化性质和波谱学方法对其进行了结构鉴定。并利用DPPH 自由基清除实验测定了所得到的单体化合物的抗氧化活性。
1H NMR 和13C NMR 由Bruker AM-400 型(TMS为内标)核磁共振谱仪测定。熔点由数字显示显微熔点测定仪测定(X-4,北京泰克仪器有限公司,温度未校正)。Sephadex LH-20 是Pharmacia 公司产品。柱层析硅胶(200~300 目)和薄层色谱硅胶板是青岛海洋化工厂产品,所有试剂均为分析纯。
平颏海蛇干体4.7 kg,购于海口市东门市场,经海南大学邓世明教授参考中国动物志和广西中药材标准鉴定,凭证标本存放于海南大学海洋学院。
取平颏海蛇干体(全体)4.7 kg 粉粹,用75%乙醇(15 L)回流提取4 次,经薄层层析检测基本提取完全。提取液减压浓缩(低于55 ℃)回收乙醇得浸膏,将浸膏用适量水溶解后,依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯萃取,分别减压回收溶剂后,得石油醚部分浸膏约136.5 g 和乙酸乙酯部分浸膏约78.0 g,本实验主要对石油醚部分浸膏进行分离纯化。
取石油醚部分浸膏(130 g),经硅胶干柱层析,石油醚:氯仿:乙酸乙酯(2∶2∶1)洗脱,分为5 个组分:A-E。取A 段,经反复硅胶层析和重结晶得化合物1;B 段经反复硅胶柱层析和Sepadex LH-20(氯仿:甲醇1∶1),得化合物2~3;E 段经反复硅胶柱层析和Sepadex LH-20(氯仿:甲醇1∶1),得化合物4~7。
用无水乙醇将DPPH 配制成1 ×10-4mol/L 的溶液,置于冰箱中冷藏备用。实验共分3 组,每组总体积为3 mL,第1 组在试管中加入1.0 mL DPPH 溶液(1 ×10-4mol/L)和2 mL 无水乙醇,混匀后在517 nm波长处测吸光度值,记为A0;第2 组加入1.0 mL DPPH 溶液(1 ×10-4mol/L)和2.0 mL 试样,摇匀,在室温下避光反应30 min 后测吸光度值,记为Ai;第3 组加入1.0 mL 无水乙醇和2.0 mL 试样混匀,测定吸光度值记为Aj。每个化合物样品均设置6 个质量浓度:2.0,1.5,1.0,0.8,0.6,0.4 mg/mL,每一吸光度值平行测3 次,取其平均值,按公式:清除率%计算自由基清除率;并求出清除率为50% 时样品的质量浓度(SC50),样品的活性结果即以半数清除质量浓度(SC50)表示。
化合物1 白色粉末,mp.130~132 ℃,硫酸-乙醇显紫色,易溶于氯仿;1H NMR (CDCl3,400.13 MHz)δ:0.65 (3H,s,H-18),0.83 (6H,d,J=6.6Hz,H-26,27),0.88 (3H,d,J=6.5Hz,H-21),0.98 (3H,s,H-19),3.49(1H,m,H-3),5.35 (1H,brs,H-6);13C NMR (CDCl3,100.6 MHz)δ:37.3(C-1),31.7 (C-2),71.8 (C-3),42.4 (C-4),140.8(C-5),121.7 (C-6),31.9 (C-7),31.9 (C-8),50.2(C-9),36.5 (C-10),21.1 (C-11),39.8 (C-12),42.4 (C-13),56.8 (C-14),24.3 (C-15),28.2 (C-16),56.2 (C-17),11.8 (C-18),19.4 (C-19),35.8(C-20),18.7 (C-21),36.2 (C-22),23.8 (C-23),39.5 (C-24),28.0 (C-25),22.6 (C-26),22.8 (C-27)。结合NMR 数据及分子量可确定其分子式为:C27H46O;其理化性质、波谱数据与相关文献[3,6]报道的基本一致,故鉴定该化合物为胆甾醇(cholesterol)。
化合物2 白色膏状物,硫酸-乙醇显梅红色,易溶于氯仿;1H NMR (CDCl3,400.13MHz)δ:5.35~5.32 (2H,m),4.81~4.73 (1H,m),3.07 (1H,d,J=1.8Hz),2.25 (2H,t,J=7.56Hz),2.13~1.59 (9H,m),1.59~1.29 (48H,m),1.03 (3H,s),0.85~0.90 (15H,m),0.64 (3H,s);13C NMR(CDCl3,100.6 MHz)δ:173.46,129.99,129.73,71.05,63.57,62.53,56.21,56.21,51.00,42.30,39.81,39.50,38.07,36.70,36.15,35.73,35.05,34.60,32.50,31.92,29.76,29.69,29.59,29.52,29.45,29.36,29.31,29.14,29.09,28.14,28.00,27.26,27.22,27.16,25.01,24.19,23.82,22.79,22.68,22.55,21.94,18.68,17.03,14.10,11.76,11.76。结合NMR 数据及分子量可确定其分子式为:C47H82O3;其理化性质、波谱数据与相关文献[4,5]报道的基本一致,故鉴定该化合物为5,6β-Epoxysitosteryl oleate。
化合物3 白色膏状物,硫酸-乙醇显紫色,易溶于氯仿;1H NMR (CDCl3,400.13 MHz)δ:5.34(2H,m,H-9',10'),5.26 (1H,m,H-2),4.13 (2H,dd,J=11.9,5.9 Hz,H-3),4.29 (2H,dd,J=11.9,4.3 Hz,H-1),2.30 (6H,td,J=7.6,2.3 Hz,H-2',2'',2'''),2.00 (4H,m,H-8',11'),1.60 (6H,m,H-3',3'',3'''),1.25~1.29 (76H,m,H-4'~7',H-12'~17',H-4''~17'',H-4'''~17'''),0.88 (9H,t,J=7.0Hz,H-18',18'',18''');13C NMR (CDCl3,100.6 MHz)δ:173.26 (C-1',1'''),173.22 (C-1''),68.86(C-2),62.08 (C-1,3),34.21 (C-2''),34.05 (C-2',2'''),31.92 (C-8',11'),29.76~22.68 (nCH2),14.10 (3CH3)。结合NMR 数据及分子量可确定其分子式为:C57H108O6;其理化性质、波谱数据与相关文献[3,6-8]报道的基本一致,故鉴定该化合物为9-Octadecenoic acid (9Z)-,(2R)-2,3-bis[(1-oxooctadecyl)oxy]propyl ester。
化合物4 白色片状晶体,mp.157~159 ℃,硫酸-乙醇显橙黄色,易溶于氯仿;1H NMR (CDCl3,400.13 MHz)δ:2.91 (3H,s,-CH3),3.96 (2H,s,-CH2);13C NMR (CDCl3,100.6 MHz)δ:159.4 (C-2),173.8 (C-4),53.9 (C-5),29.3 (C-6)。结合NMR 数据及分子量可确定其分子式为:C4H6N2O2;其理化性质、波谱数据与相关文献[9]报道的基本一致,故鉴定该化合物为1-甲基海因(1-methylhydantoin)。
化合物5 白色膏状物,硫酸-乙醇显紫色,易溶于氯仿;1H NMR (CDCl3,400.13 MHz)δ:4.22(1H,dd,J=11.6,4.6 Hz,H-1'a),4.19 (1H,dd,J=11.6,6.1 Hz,H-1'b),3.94(1H,m,H-2'),3.70(1H,dd,J=11.1,4.0 Hz,H-3'a),3.60 (1H,dd,J=11.5,5.8 Hz,H-3'b),2.35 (2H,t,J=7.4 Hz,H-2),1.63 (2H,m,H-3),1.25 (24H,m,H-4~H-15),0.87 (3H,t,J=6.6 Hz,H-16);13C NMR (CDCl3,100.6 MHz)δ:70.3 (C-2'),65.2 (C-1'),63.3 (C-3'),34.2 (C-2),31.9 (C-14),29.7~29.1 (C-4~C-13),24.9 (C-3),22.7 (C-15),14.1 (C-16)。结合NMR 数据及分子量可确定其分子式为:C19H38O4;以上数据与文献[3,13]报道的基本一致,故鉴定该化合物为α-棕榈酸甘油酯(α-palmityl glycerin ester)。
化合物6 白色粉末,mp.59~62 ℃,硫酸-乙醇显梅红色,易溶于氯仿;1H NMR (CDCl3,400.13 MHz)δ:0.88 (3H,t,J=7.0 Hz),1.25 (28H,m,H-2~H-15),1.57 (2H,m),1.96 (brs,-OH),3.44~3.56 (4H,m),3.65 (1H,dd,J=11.39,5.09 Hz),3.72 (1H,dd,J=11.39,3.87 Hz),3.85 (1H,brs);13C NMR (CDCl3,100.6 MHz)δ:72.54,71.87,70.39,64.34,31.93,29.69~29.35,26.09,22.69,14.11。结合NMR 数据及分子量可确定其分子式为:C19H40O3;其理化性质、波谱数据与相关文献[5,12,14-16]报道的基本一致,故鉴定该化合物为鲛肝醇(Chimyl alcohol)。
化合物7 白色粉末,硫酸-乙醇显蓝色,易溶于氯仿;1H NMR (CDCl3,400.13 MHz)δ:5.73(1H,brd,J=4.83 Hz,H-6),3.62 (1H,m,H-3),0.66 (3H,s,CH3-18),0.98 (3H,s,CH3-19),0.92(3H,d,J=6.49 Hz,CH3-21),0.87 (3H,d,J=1.66 Hz,CH3-26),0.86 (3H,d,J=1.66 Hz,CH3-27),0.91 (3H,t,J=6.49 Hz,CH3-29),3.54 (3H,s,OMe),3.28 (1H,brt,H-7);13C NMR (CDCl3,100.6 MHz)δ:36.7 (C-1),39.5 (C-2),71.5 (C-3),42.3(C-4),146.1 (C-5),120.8 (C-6),73.9 (C-7),37.3 (C-8),42.7(d,C-9),37.5 (C-10),20.8 (C-11),39.1 (C-12),42.1 (C-13),49.1 (C-14),24.3(C-15),28.2 (C-16),55.9 (C-17),11.5 (C-18),18.3 (C-19),35.8 (C-20),18.8 (C-21),31.5 (C-22),36.2 (C-23),35.7 (C-24),28.0 (C-25),22.5(C-26),22.8 (C-27),23.8 (C-28),11.9 (C-29),56.8 (OMe)。结合NMR 数据及分子量可确定其分子式为:C30H52O2;其理化性质、波谱数据与相关文献[11,12]报道的基本一致,故鉴定该化合物为7α-甲氧基-β-谷甾醇(7α-methoxyl-β-sitosterol)。
利用DPPH (1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼)自由基清除实验[17],对从平颏海蛇中分离得到的单体化合物进行抗氧化活性测试,其中化合物1 有极微弱抗氧化活性,SC50值为0.777 mg/mL,阳性对照BHT(2,6-二叔丁基对甲苯酚)的SC50值为0.0217 mg/mL,其他化合物无抗氧化活性,故结果表明各化合物几乎无抗氧化活性。
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