奠定天下一统的基石

奠定天下一统的基石

TheCornerstoneof theUnificationallunder heaven

书同文Allwritingiswiththesame characters车同轨carriageshaveallwheelsof thesamesize物勒工名CarvingNamesonUtensils法家制度文化思想CulturalTheoryofLegalism

——《周礼·考工记》

To scan the appearances,yin-yang,and the orientations of the terrain or artifacts,in order to deal with various types of materials(substances)to manufacture utensils(for the needs of people's lives),is called BaiGong.

——《礼记·月令》

To carve the names of the craftsmen on the utensils is for the aim of verifying the truthfulness of them.If the utensils are exquisite while not sturdy,the craftsmen should be punished with due sentences,so that their fraudulent behaviors would be exposed.

——《史记·秦始皇本纪》

To unify the units of measurements such as lengths,capacities,and weights.To unify the size of the axles of carriages and the widths of the roads.To unify the characters for all writing by the abolition of different characters from all the other countries

——《秦律·工律》

Utensils of the same kind must be with the same shapes,same sizes and same degrees.

考工记·王城规划示意图

秦始皇诏铜方升

车同轨示意图

从蒙昧的石器时代开始，人类历史在不知不觉中走过数十万年。如果说赫兹定理和石器工具的功能三要素是今人为古人归纳出的标准化方法论片段，那么从岐山渭水之畔走来的中国历史上第一个封建王朝——秦，就是人类标准化法制时代当之无愧的开启者。

Starting from the barbarism of the Stone Age,the human history has imperceptibly gone through hundreds of thousands of years.If the Hertzian Cone principle and the three functional elements of stone tools could be regarded as some parts of standardized methods which people have generalized about ancient humankind,Qin Dynasty,the first imperial dynasty of China,would have been the undisputed opener of standardized legal history of humankind.

众所周知，在与西戎交锋的数百年间，秦人曾因重法轻文而导致国家蔽塞保守，但无意中却在“言语异声，文字异形”的春秋战国时代，为中华民族保留了周朝的语言、正体文字乃至规范生产生活的各种礼制，这也成为中国后世标准化实践的最初蓝本。

As is known to all,during the centuries of battles against western ethnic minorities,Qin had been a backwater due to its emphasis on law-governing rather than culture and education.However,Qin had inadvertently preserved such cultural legacies as the language of the Zhou Dynasty,the standardized forms of Chinese characters and various social and ritual institutions for human life and production,which had become the earliest blueprints for the Chinese posterity's standardized practices.

事实上，在两千多年前秦国崛起的进程中，商鞅、吕不韦和秦王嬴政早已充分运用了一种被现代人称为“惠特尼标准化”的生产方式——无论是青铜马车，还是秦始皇兵马俑坑出土的众多兵器，不仅制作规整，其零部件轮廓误差亦不超过1 mm，充分体现了标准化的互换通用性本质。

In fact,during the process of Qin's rise more than two thousand years ago,Shang Yang,Lü Buwei and Ying Zheng,the king of Qin had already utilized a mode of production later called by modern people as Whitney Standardization.Both the bronzecarriageandthousandsofbronze weapons excavated from the Terracotta Warriar had been very orderly made,with the maximum error of 1mm in their outlines,which had exactly reflected the essence of standardization——interchangeability.

在此基础上，“物勒工名”的方法更被秦人发展成以实名制为基础的古代“产品质量责任制”，处处体现了精细化管理思想。这种问责制甚至被纳入《秦律·工律》，通过明确制作、监造、校正与使用等各环节责任，适用于官营手工业和官有器物管理。在扫清六合之后，秦始皇又以法制方式大力推行税制、币值、车轨、文字、度量衡等五项标准化，为统一的中华民族和统一的国内市场形成奠定了最重要的基础……

On this basis,a method called as Carving Names on Utensils had been invented by Qin people and had been developed into the ancient responsibility system for product quality based on real name system,whichthoroughlyreflectedtherefined managementthinkingofQinDynasty.The responsibility system had even been incorporated into the Qin Law·Work Law,applied to the state-run handicraftindustriesandmanagementofthe state-owned utensils,by setting roles and obligations forvariouslinksincludingmaking,supervision, calibration and use of utensils.After unified China,by laws and orders,Qin Shi Huang had been vigorously promoting the standardization of the tax systems,the currencies,the sizes of the axles of carriages,the characters for Chinese written language and the Chinese units of measurements such as measures and weights,which had laid the most important foundation for the unification of the Chinese nations and the domestic markets.

秦代熠熠生辉的标准化实践成果是我国标准化发展史上当仁不让的重要里程碑，尽管由于极致尊崇法家而导致帝国覆亡，但毫无疑问在那个以吏为师的时代，中国古人蕴含法家制度文化思想的标准化活动早已超越了单纯的技术范畴，而以其华丽的身姿在中华帝国“百代皆行秦政法”的历史长河中掀起了第一波标准化实践高潮。

The sparkling outcomes of the standardization practices in Qin Dynasty have marked an inarguably important milestone in the history of China's standardization.Although the empire came to an end ultimately due to its extreme esteem for Legalism,the standardization activities our ancestors had taken during the times of Officials as Teachers,which had reflected the cultural theory of Legalism,had already exceeded the purely technical areas,and had undoubtedly awaken the first gorgeous wave of standardization practices in the long history of China.

（支持单位：上海市标准化研究院 整理：杨超 叶笑欣）

秦代弩机及零部件