罗维
“强调”就是使句子的某一部分比一般情况下显得更加重要。英语表达中,要强调句子的某一成分,一般可用强调句型“It is (was) +that (who) +句子的其余部分”。It在句中无意义,只起引出被强调部分的作用。被强调的部分指人时,除可用that外,还可换用who(强调宾语指人时也可用whom)。使用强调句型时,应注意以下事项。
一、如何判断强调结构
去掉强调结构It is (was) … that(who)…后,剩余成分略作调整或不作调整仍然能组成一个语法结构完整的句子,即为强调句。这是判断是不是强调句型的关键。试比较:
A: It is surprising that Tom arrives at school so early.
B: It is Tom that arrives at school so early.
将A句中的it is… that去掉后,句子结构不完整,我们可以判断它不属于强调句型,属于主语从句。将B句中的it is… that去掉后变为:Tom arrives at school so early.这是一个完整的句子,故我们判断B句属于强调句。
二、强调结构可以强调哪些句子成分
一般而言,强调结构几乎可以强调除谓语动词及形容词作表语之外的任何句子成分,如:Mary got the dictionary in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday.
It was Mary that got the dictionary in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday.(强调主语)
It was the dictionary that Mary got in this bookstore with the help of her friend yesterday. (强调宾语)
It was in this bookstore that Mary got the dictionary with the help of her friend yesterday.(强调地点状语)
It was with the help of her friend that Mary got the dictionary in this bookstore yesterday. (强调方式状语)
此外,该强调句型中,被强调的成分除了是名词、代词、介词短语等之外, 也可以是从句。It is when he got back that he knew what had happened. 他回来后才知道所发生的情况。It was because he loved my money that he married me. 他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。
三、强调句用that 还是who
当被强调部分指人时,可以用who代that(若人做宾语,还可以用whom代that);当被强调部分指物时通常用that。注意:强调事物时,通常不宜用which来代that,另外当强调时间或地点状语时,通常也不能用when / where代that(尤其是当这些状语为介词短语时)。
四、用it is 还是it was
我们可以根据原句时态来确定用It is 还是It was。如果原句时态属于现在时间范畴(包括一般现在时、现在进行式、现在完成时、一般将来时等),则用It is …;如果原句时态属于过去时间范畴(包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等),则用It was …。概括地说,主句与从句的时态应保持一致。It is Tom and Mary that often take care of the old couple every Sunday. (皆用现在时) It was in Nanchang that the exhibition took place two days ago. (皆用过去时)
五、在“it is/was not until… that…”强调结构中,that从句中的谓语动词要用肯定式,且that引导句子用陈述句语序,不可倒装
如:It was not until the rain stopped that they started. 直到雨停了他们才出发。
六、强调句的特殊疑问式
强调句的特殊疑问式相当于对句子成分提问,结构为:When/how/what/where/who/why was/is it that +句子的其他成分。如When was it that you lost your box? 或What was it that you had in your box?
七、近年高考试题频繁出现的强调句
①It wasnt until nearly a month later( )I received the managers reply. (2005 全国) A. since、B. when、C. as、D. that
②--- ( )that he managed to get the information? (2005山东)
--- Oh, a friend of his helped him.
A. Where was it、B. What was it、C. How was it、D. Why was it
第1题考查“not…until…”的强调句型,答案是D。由于被强调的部分是时间状语,故命题者给了三个与时间有关的干扰选项。第2题考查的内容虽然是“方式”而不是强调句本身,但这4个选项全都用了强调句型的特殊疑问式,无疑增加了理解的难度。句子的意思是他究竟是怎样设法得到这消息的,故答案选C。
可见,只有对强调句型的基本结构及其不同的结构变体熟练掌握后考试时才能发挥自如,提高解题的速度和准确率。
(江西师大附中)