张 福
(西北民族大学 外国语学院,兰州 730030)
英语定状语汉译策略探究
张 福
(西北民族大学 外国语学院,兰州 730030)
英汉两种语言“主谓结构相同,定、状排列有别”。认识把握这一特征,对做好英汉翻译大有裨益。然而,在英语中,定、状语形式多样、结构复杂,准确恰当地将其译为汉语实属不易。基于大量参考文献和多年教学经验积累,探究英语定、状语翻译策略,以期促进英语翻译教学的实效性。
定语;状语;汉译;策略
就英语和汉语的表达方式而论,虽有不少相同之处,但不同之处更多。[1]28例句:(The poor old)man(from China)(whom we met last week)and(who was taken ill on Tuesday),(suddenly)and(quite unexpected)died(of malaria fever in the hospital here)(before his wife could reach him).(那个可怜的老人,是个中国人。星期二那天,突然得了疟疾,病死在附近的一家医院里。连他的妻子都没见上他最后一面。)在这个英语例句中,括号中的成分不是定语就是状语,即所谓“枝叶”成分。如果将它们拿去,剩下的“主干”就是和汉语句式基本相同的主谓结构。一言概之,英汉两种语言“主谓结构相同,定、状排列有别”。不言而喻,准确认识与把握英汉两种语言表达方式的异同,对英语学习者来做好英汉翻译大有裨益。[2]下面,笔者试从英语定语、状语入手,探究英汉翻译策略。
苏联翻译家N.卡什金说过“透过译文看到的作者,仍是外国人,但他是用地道的译文语言同读者谈话的。”这句话十分贴切的揭示了语言翻译的核心要领——理解是翻译的基础,达意才是关键。[1]6即在正确理解的前提下,译文质量的好坏就全看技巧和表达能力如何了。据此,笔者在参考大量文献的基础上,加上多年教学经验,总结出下面几种比较实用的英语定语、状语汉译方法。
所谓“顺译”(translation in original order),是基于传统语言学派的主张。卡特福特(Catford.John.C.)认为“Translation may be defined as follows:the replacement of textual material in one language(SL)by equivalent textual material in another language(TL).”[3]即翻译是语言材料(形式)的对应转换。基于这一理念,笔者认为,在一般情况下在进行英汉翻译时,无需对构成英语句子的词序/句序进行大的调整,尽量按照英语原句的顺序进行翻译,这就是我们所说的“顺译法”。[4]115实践证明:在部分英语定语、状语的汉语翻译中,这一方法是可以使用的。如:
(1)Too clearly,it is a topic we shall do no justice to in this place.
参考译文:很显然,像这样一个题目,我们是不可能在这里讲的透彻的。
(2)There are some metals which possess the power to conduct electricity and ability to be magnetized.
参考译文:某些金属具有导电的能力和被磁化的能力。
解析:例(1)为限定性定语从句,副词短语Too clearly为状语;例(2)也为限定性定语从句。译文采取顺译法,状语、主句、定语从句按照英语原句的顺序进行翻译,汉语译文语句简炼,达意,符合汉语的表达习惯。
(3)North American viewers watched the start of the royal procession without missing a single hoof-beat.
参考译文:北美洲的观众注视着英国皇家仪仗队的起步,连一个马蹄声也没漏掉。
解析:该句为简单句,介词短语without missing a single hoofbeat为伴随状语。译文采取顺译法,表达的意思完整,衔接自然,符合汉语的规范。
(4)A jeep,full,sped fast,drenching me in spray.
参考译文:一辆坐满人的就吉普车急驶而过,溅了我一身水。
(5)We worked fast and well,so that we over-fulfilled our production plan.
参考译文:我们工作得又快又好,超额完成了生产计划。
解析:在例(4)中,drenching me in spray为结果状语,在例(5)中so that we over-fulfilled our production plan为结果状语从句。在汉语表达中,原因和结果的顺序一般比较固定,大多情况下“原因”在前,“结果”在后。显然,在例(4)、例(5)中英语和汉语表达顺序基本一致,译文采取顺译法,汉语意思通顺、简洁、明了,符合汉语的习惯。
值得注意的是,顺译——顺着原文词序或句序翻译。顺译不是逐字翻译,不排斥个别词或词组(特别是充当修饰语的)的倒置,达意是关键。
与“顺译”相对,“逆译”(translation in converse order)是指逆着或基本逆着原文的词序或句序进行翻译,亦称“反转”。词序与思维方式和表达习惯有关。操汉语者时空观上大体遵循逆序法,即由大到小,由远及近,由重而轻;操英语者的时空观大体遵循顺序法。[4]115正确把握汉英两种语言的时空观对于我们进行英语状语、定语的汉语翻译具有重要指导意义。如:
(1)At eleven minutes past one A.M.on the 16thof October,1946,Ribbentrop mounted the gallows in the execution chamber of the Nuremberg prison.
参考译文:1946年10月16日凌晨1点10分,里宾特洛甫走上纽伦堡监狱死刑室的绞架。
(2)I was born in Burdine,Kentucky,in the heart of the Appalachian coal- mining country.
参考译文:我出生于阿帕拉契山脉煤矿区中心的肯塔肯州柏定市。
解析:英语中时间短语状语之间的排列一般都是从小到大,而在汉语中一般都是由大到小。英语中地点短语状语之间的排列一般也都是从小到大,而在汉语中一般也都是由大到小。例(3)、例(4)译文采取逆译法,语言晓畅,句意清晰,符合汉语的表达习惯。
(3)We had to give up the program for lack of investment funds.
参考译文:由于缺乏投资资金,我们不得不放弃这项计划。
(4)The compass needle can be used to show direction because the earth itself acts like a huge magnet.
参考译文:因为地球本身就像一个巨大的磁体,故指南针能用来表示方向。
(5)A student of maths must become familiar with all the signs and symbols commonly used in maths and bear them in mind and be well versed in the definition,and formulas as well as the technical terms in the field of maths,in order that he may be able to build the foundation of the mathematical subject and master it well for pursing advanced study.
参考译文:为了能够打好数学基础,掌握好数学知识,以利于深造,学数学的学生必须熟悉和牢记数学中所有常用的符号和代号,精通数学方面的定义、所有的公式和术语。
解析:由于表达上习惯上的不同,英语句子习惯将因果关系、先后关系中的“果”与“后”放在句首,如例(3)、例(4)和例(5);而汉语则相反,一般先因后果,层层递进,最后综合,点出主题。所以,处理这种句子时,宜采用逆译法,将英语原句中的某些成分(或部分),在翻译成汉语时放在句子的前面。这种方法可以使汉语译文句子简练紧凑,结构整体感更强。
(6)Intense light and heat in the open contrasted with the coolness of shaded avenues and the interiors of buildings.
参考译文:露天场所强烈的光线和酷热与林荫道上和建筑物内部的凉爽形成了对照。
(7)He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.
参考译文:如果有人敢于公然蔑视世界公众舆论而一意孤行,那他一定是个鲁莽之徒。
(8)This is no class war,but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations are en-gaged,without distinction of race,creed or party.
参考译文:这不是一场阶级之间的战争,而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派,整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参与的战争。
解析:在英语中,修饰名词(或代词)的定语一般放在名词之后,而汉语里则放在被修饰的名词之前。如例(6)、例(7)和例(8)。如果采用顺译法,语言累赘。运用“逆译法”符合汉语定语前置的习惯。译文通顺、流畅,符合汉语的表达方式。
奈达认为“Translation consists in reproducing in the reporter language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message,first in terms of meaning,and secondly in terms of style.”[5]4显然,翻译是双语间意义的对应转换,即“Translation means translating meaning.”[5]5基于奈达理论,笔者认为在对英语定语、状语进行翻译时,可采用符合汉语表达习惯的灵活的方法,需对用作定语或状语的短语(或单词)转化成英语中的一个句子,然后翻译,简称为“转句译法”。[6]其目标是使汉语译文明白易懂,语句连贯。一般来说,“转句译法”包含以下两个方面:
(1)单词不单。例如:
①Exhausted,the swimmer fell back into the pool.
参考译文:尽管游泳者已经精疲力尽了,但他还是跳进了游泳池。
解析:该句可扩展为Although he was exhausted,the swimmer fell back into the pool.。Exhausted所表示的意思与Although he was exhausted相同。把动词Exhausted转译为表示原因关系的状语从句,使得句子之间过渡自然,连接紧凑,汉语意思一目了然。
②The funds raised are mainly used for helping the homeless.
参考译文:人们已经筹集了资金。这些资金将被主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。
解析:该句可扩展为The funds have been raised.And they are mainly used for helping the homeless.显然,The funds raised所表示的意思与The funds have been raised.相同。把The funds raised转译成一个句子,使得汉语译文平滑晓畅,清楚明了。
(2)短语不短。例如:
①After visiting the Summer Place,we went on to the Great Wall.
参考译文:(我们)参观完故宫后,我们去了长城。
解析:该句为主从复合句,分词短语After visiting the Summer Place为时间状语。After visiting the Summer Place所表示的意思与After we visited the Summer Place相同。把分词短语After visiting the Summer Place转为时间状语从句进行翻译,使得汉语译文句子之间过渡自然,意思一目了然。
②The two countries with all the talk of warmer relations are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.
参考译文:尽管两国高唱关系热化,但双方在互相侦查方面的急切程度不减于冷战高潮时期。
解析:原句等同于The two countries are all the talk of warmer relations,but they are spying on each other as avidly as at the height of the cold war.The two countries with all the talk of warmer relations所表示的意思与The two countries are all the talk of warmer relations相同。随后进行翻译,译文清楚明了,衔接自然,符合汉语的表达习惯。
③The book dealing with English composition was written by a professor.
参考译文:这本书是由一位教授撰写的。它主要解决英语写作方面的问题。
解析:原句可替换为The book deals with English composition.And it was written by a professor.The book dealing with English composition所表示的意思与The book deals with English composition.相同。采用短语不短法将英语原句进行转换处理,随后进行翻译,译文清楚明了,符合汉语的表达习惯。
上述英汉互译实例中,我们发现:在处理英语中的一些以词、短语方式出现的附加在“主干”(主谓结构)上的“枝叶”(定语或状语)成分时,可以将其从“主干”上拆下来,进而根据语法关系扩展为一个句子,然后将它们按照汉语的表达习惯译成汉语,加工润色。
这一翻译技巧基于句型转换(conversion of sentence patterns)理念,指不同句子结构的同义转换,是语言内部的普遍现象。不同语言中句子同义结构的多样化正是汉英互译中句型转换的客观基础。在英语定语、状语从句的汉译过程中,采用此方法常常会获得异曲同工之妙。如:
(1)If you take care of the pence,the pounds will take care of themselves.
参考译文:积少成多。
解析:该句为主从复合句,主句为the pounds will take care of themselves,If you take care of the pence为状语从句。这个复合句可以转换成两个并列句Take care of the pence,the pounds will take care of themselves.将其意译为“积少成多。”,汉语意思简洁明了,毫无赘意。
(2)Our men had gone quite a distance off before the enemy’s reinforcement troops came up.
参考译文:我们的队伍已经走得很远了,敌人的增援部队才赶上来。
解析:原句可转换为 Our men had gone quite a distance off.And the enemy’s reinforcement troops came up.采取从句不从法将原句进行转换,而后翻译。汉语译文衔接紧凑,句意晓畅,符合汉语的表达习惯。
(3)She had talked to Vice-President Nixon,who assured her that everything that could be done would be done.
参考译文:她和副总统尼克松谈过话。副总统向她担保,凡是能够做到都将竭尽全力去做。
解析:原句可转换为She had talked to Vice-President Nixon.And he assured her that everything that could be done would be done.拆分后的两个简单句所表示的意思与原句She had talked to Vice-President Nixon,who assured her that everything that could be done would be done.相同,而后进行翻译。译文清楚明了,符合汉语的表达习惯。
(4)He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle which today brings those aims within the reach of a majority of the human race.
参考译文:他把自己非凡的才智和不倦的精力无私地献给了这种斗争。这种斗争今天已使人类中大多数人可以达到这些目标。
解析:原句可转换为He unselfishly contributed his uncommon talents and indefatigable spirit to the struggle.And it today brings those aims within the reach of a majority of the human race.两个简单句,而后将其翻译为汉语。译文逻辑合理,言简意赅,言至意达。
上述例句结构相对比较复杂,如果按照英语原句直接译成汉语显得太长,不符合汉语的表达习惯。采用从句不从法,将其转化为并列句,进而译为汉语,译文通顺、流畅。
显然,一旦主谓结构被确定(英汉主谓结构基本雷同),英语句子的分析就会一目了然。而英语句子之所以冗长,其原因无非有二:一是后置成分(如定语从句)很多,这就与汉语汉语的常规表达相悖;二是插入成分不少,常使汉语读者产生思维被阻断的感觉。于是,英译汉的常规办法就是变长句为短句,其手段之一就是从句不从法,目的是为了保证译语句子的可读性,增强其通畅性。
综上所述,英语定语、状语形式多样,结构复杂。英译汉时,我们要视具体情况具体分析,灵活运用各种翻译策略。在理解的基础上达意,翻译出地道的汉语。
[1] 成昭伟.新英汉翻译实务[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2007.
[2] 韩其顺,王学铭.英汉科技翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2001.
[3] Catford.John.C.A Linguistic Theory of Translation:An Essay in Applied Linguistics[M].London:Oxford University Press.1965.
[4] 方梦之.中国译学大辞典[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2011.
[5] 参见阎佩衡.英汉与汉英翻译教学论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2005.
[6] 参见冯庆华.实用翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005.
On Strategies of Chinese Translation of English Attributive and Adverbial
ZHANG Fu
(School of Foreign Languages,Northwest University for Nationalities,Lanzhou 730030,China)
Seeing from the structure of sentences,we can find that English basic sentence structure is the same as Chinese,that is to say,they both belong to SV structure,but the orders of attributive and adverbial are different in these two languages.It is very useful for English and Chinese learners to know the feature well.In English,however,forms of attributive and adverbial are various,so it is hard for people to translate them into Chinese correctly and appropriately.Based on many references and teaching experience,the author proposes several strategies of Chinese translation on English attributive and adverbial,hoping to improve efficiency of English translation teaching.
attributive;adverbial;Chinese translation;strategy
G642
A
1009-3907(2012)08-1032-04
2012-03-01
张福(1980-),男,甘肃凉州人,硕士研究生,主要从事英语教学论方面研究。
责任编辑:刘 琳