张继英, 郇志华, 庞志刚, 张懿芳, 杜海科, 李 贺
心-踝血管指数——动脉粥样硬化无创检测指标: 845例分析
张继英1, 郇志华1, 庞志刚1, 张懿芳1, 杜海科2, 李 贺2
(1武警山西总队医院老年病科, 太原 030006;2武警医学院附属医院老年病科, 天津 300162)
用无创方法检测青年和老年人心-踝血管指数(CAVI), 分析动脉粥样硬化(AS)和血管硬度的影响因素。845例住院、门诊及正常体检者(男594例、女251例, 年龄35~85岁)测定CAVI, 并进行诊室血压、血脂、血糖、肾功能、心电图及胸部X线检查, 记录既往史。845例中54.2% CAVI异常(458例); CAVI增加与年龄、血压、脉压差等因素密切相关; 随年龄增长, 并存疾病如高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中及血脂异常, 特别是冠心病、高血脂检出率升高; 吸烟对CAVI影响显著, 吸烟并存疾病可使CAVI进一步升高。CAVI是新的AS评估指标, 与多种因素有关, 吸烟及吸烟并存疾病对CAVI均有明显影响。结果提示, AS应根据患者各自不同的影响因素进行个性化综合防治。
心-踝血管指数; 动脉粥样硬化; 年龄; 心血管疾病; 危险因素
心-踝血管指数(cardio-ankle vascular index, CAVI)用于检测、评估血管硬化程度是较踝-臂指数更新的无创检查方法。CAVI主要反映动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)血管硬度的变化[1, 2]。研究表明CAVI与心血管疾病预后、心功能异常、冠状动脉病变程度等相关密切, 近年来应用逐年增加[3-6]。AS与年龄、血压、肾功能、代谢异常等多种因素均有密切关系[7-9], 是心血管疾病预后重要预测因子, 早期评估血管结构及AS程度, 对预防、治疗心血管突发事件有重要意义。我们通过检测不同年龄青年和老年人CAVI, 分析其与血压变化、心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)、糖尿病的关系, 研究了AS发展规律, 为AS早期临床评估, 预防干预及治疗提供了依据。
入选2008年1月~2009年5月住院、门诊及正常体检者中进行无创动脉粥样硬化检测者, 共845例(男594例、女251例), 年龄35~85岁, 平均(637±110)岁。根据年龄分为35~54岁(225例)、55~64岁(161例)、65~74岁(235例)、75~85岁(224例)组。高血压诊断标准采用美国预防检测评估与治疗高血压全国委员会第七次报告(JNC7)指南[10], 包括正在服用降压药治疗的血压正常者。冠心病、脑卒中、糖尿病、高血脂的诊断分别依据美国心脏病学会指南[11, 12]、糖尿病学会指南[13]及美国国家胆固醇教育计划专家组Ⅲ标准[14]。记录既往史(糖尿病、高血压病、高脂血及吸烟等)、实验室及心电图、胸部X线等辅助检查结果。计算机录入血压、心率、年龄、身高和体质量。
1.2.1 诊室血压测定受检者休息15 min后, 采用标准袖带水银柱式血压计测量坐位右臂血压。Korotkoff I音各年龄组血压与脉搏波速度、将硬度 III 的血压读数为诊室收缩压, Korotkoff V音的血压读数为舒张压, 间隔2 min测量1次, 取3次测量的平均值。
122四肢血压检测 采用全自动无创动脉粥样硬化检测仪(VS-1000, 北京福田电子医疗仪器有限公司), 被测者基本信息(姓名、年龄、性别、体质量、身高)输入后, 平卧放松, 将特制袖带绑于四肢, 以右上臂、右踝、左上臂、左踝的顺序测量, 四肢血压测量分2次进行。
123 CAVI测定 按VS-1000全自动无创动脉粥样硬化检测仪要求操作, 检测心电图和心音图、记录肱动脉和踝动脉脉搏波形; 测定心脏到脚踝脉波传播速度(heart to ankle pulse wave velocity, haPWV), 依据僵硬系数β(血管原有硬化程度指标), 排除血压对检测结果的影响, 得出CAVI值。CAVI标准为正常: CAVI<80m/s; 临界: 80 m/s≤CAVI≤90m/s; 动脉粥样硬化: CAVI≥90m/s。CAVI≥90m/s为异常, 提示早期动脉粥样硬化。动脉粥样硬化程度, 轻度: 10 m/s<CAVI/PWV≤12m/s; 中度: 12 m/s<CAVI/PWV≤15 m/s; 重度: CAVI/PWV>15 m/s。
采用SPSS115软件包进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示, 用相关分析、2检验进行相关数据处理。<005为差异有统计学意义。
男性受检者身高和体质量与女性受检者差异具有统计学意义(<005), 其他指标差异无统计学意义(表1)。
表1 受检者一般资料
注: 1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa。与女性比较,*<005
结果显示, 随年龄增加, 受检者高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中及血脂异常检出率升高, 以冠心病、高血脂更为明显(表2)。
本文845例受检者中459例CAVI超过正常值。≥65岁受检者高血压检出率明显增加, 收缩压/舒张压水平、CAVI值均明显高于<65岁各组。相关分析显示, 年龄增加(= 0845,<005)、收缩压(=0634,<005)、舒张压(= 0538,<005)升高、脉压差(= 0725,<005)均与CAVI呈正相关, 但≥65岁组血压、CAVI无进一步升高(>005; 表3)。
表2 不同年龄组并存疾病检出率
注: 与55~64岁组比较,*<005; 与65~74岁组比较,#<005; 与75~85岁组比较,△<005
表3 各年龄组血压和CAVI
注: CAVI: 心-踝血管指数。1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa。与35~54岁组比较,*<005; 与55~64岁组比较,#<005
各年龄组吸烟者较不吸烟者CAVI异常率显著升高(<005)。各年龄组吸烟同时并存糖尿病、高血脂、冠心病、脑卒中、高血压病的受检者中5561%有不同程度的血管弹性减退, 僵硬度增加, CAVI异常, 而非吸烟健康者中CAVI异常仅2443%(<005; 表4, 5)。
CAVI为心脏到踝脉波传播速度(cardio-ankle, caPWV), 是新的AS评价指标, 传统意义上的PWV是血液压力波在动脉系统中两个部位之间传播速度, 其快慢主要取决于动脉顺应性, 一定程度上受血管内压力影响。经典的PWV计算方法是测定受检者颈动脉与股动脉起始点脉搏波时间差, 计算PWV值。CAVI测量采用弹性参数β方法, 不受血压影响, 反映固有血管硬化程度和主动脉、股动脉、踝动脉整体僵硬度及中央和外周动脉功能[1,2]。CAVI值升高提示颈动脉、冠状动脉的粥样硬化进展, 较PWV更能反映AS变化。研究显示, CAVI与冠状动脉狭窄严重程度密切相关[15-17]。高血压是AS的主要危险因素之一, 但血压变化并不一定伴随CAVI升高或下降, Ibata等[4]观察到, 青、中年受检者[年龄分别为(359±13)、(487±19)岁]CAVI增加不依赖于血压变化, 提示CAVI仅反映动脉硬度变化; Bokuda等[18]的报道与之相近。上述研究说明尽管AS程度与CAVI关系密切, 但血管硬度与高血压水平并非一定呈正相关。本研究观察到, (1)随年龄增加CAVI升高, 并存疾病如高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、脑卒中及血脂异常, 特别是冠心病、高血脂检出率升高; (2)CAVI增加与年龄、血压、脉压差等因素关系密切; (3)吸烟对CAVI影响显著, 并存疾病可使CAVI进一步升高。
表4 吸烟对CAVI的影响
注: CAVI: 心-踝血管指数。与非吸烟者比较,*<005
表5 吸烟及并存疾病患者CAVI变化
注: CAVI: 心-踝血管指数。与非吸烟者比较,*<005
已有研究显示, 年龄增加是AS的独立危险因素, 与CAVI正相关[9, 15, 19]。目前CAVI与血压之间关系的研究结果不完全一致, Nakamura等[16]观察一组60~70岁老年患者, CAVI与收缩压无明显相关, 与脉压差正相关; Shirai等[20]观察40~79岁(平均年龄63岁)血液透析患者, CAVI与收缩压升高相关, 与舒张压无相关。我们观察到, 随年龄增加的CAVI升高, 与血压、脉压差关系密切, 同时并存疾病增加; 但在65~85岁年龄段受检者未观察到随年龄增加CAVI、血压的进一步升高, 可能说明此年龄阶段患者, 血管老化、AS可能处于相对稳定状态, 或可能与降压药物影响血压有关。
研究显示, 吸烟是导致CAVI增加的重要因素[21-24],Kubozono等[23]报道, CAVI与吸烟的量和时间长短有关, 与平均血压无相关。与之相同, 本组受检者中吸烟者CAVI异常人数(4125%)较健康非吸烟者(2443%)增加近1倍。本研究还观察到, 吸烟并存疾病的受检者CAVI异常人数增多更为明显, 高于健康非吸烟受检者的2倍, 说明并存疾病可加重AS, 进一步促进动脉硬度增加, 有文献报道并存疾病(冠心病、糖尿病、慢性肾病、心电图异常)患者CAVI明显高于无动脉粥样硬化性疾病者[15,19], 本研究结果与之一致。
动脉硬度增加为血管老化的重要表现, 但并非完全代表AS改变, 单纯血管老化与AS组织学变化不同。血管老化是AS疾病的前驱表现, 另一方面, AS可加速血管老化[9,25]。动脉硬度与AS之间关系密切, 可反映AS进展程度, 而AS与心脑血管疾病、代谢异常之间的关系已为人们熟知[9,25]。与许多研究结论一致, 我们的观察结果说明, CAVI升高除受不可控的年龄增加因素影响外, 多种心血管疾病危险因素如吸烟、并存疾病均与之有关。我们的结果提示, 戒烟、有效地治疗并存疾病对降低动脉硬度, 减轻AS具有重要意义。
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(编辑: 任开环)
Cardio-ankle vascular index—a marker of atherosclerosis: analysis of 845 cases
ZHANG Jiying1, XUN Zhihua1, PANG Zhigang1, ZHANG Yifang1, DU Haike2, LI He2
(1Department of Geriatrics, Shanxi Provincial Corps Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, Taiyuan 0300061, China;2Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Chinese Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China)
To determine the risk factors of atherosclerosis(AS) and arterial stiffness assessed non-invasively by the cardio-ankle vascular index(CAVI)A total of845 subjects aged from 35 to 85 years were subjected to CAVI measurement. Blood pressure(BP), lipids, glucose, renal function, chest X-ray radiographs, previous medical records were also obtained for all subjects. CAVI was measured using a VaSera VS-1000 and calculated by heart to ankle pulse wave velocity(haPWV, m/s)CAVI was high in 458 subjects(542%)CAVI was significantly positively correlated with age, BP, and pulse pressureDetection rates of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease(CHD), stroke and dyslipidemias, especially CHD and hyperlipidemias, increased with aging. Smoking was significantly correlated with CAVI. The smokers with other comorbidities displayed further higher CAVI.CAVI, as a new parameter of arterial stiffness, is influenced by various cardiovascular risk factorsSmoking and the comorbidities are all involved in elevation of CAVIA personalized comprehensive prevention and treatment strategy should be recommended for patients with AS
cardio-ankle vascular index; atherosclerosis; age; cardiovascular disease; risk factor
R54
A
10.3724/SP.J.1264.2012.00029
2011-03-21;
2011-08-12
李 贺, Tel: 022-60577530, E-mail: hli. kardia@gmail. com