郑先菊
(十堰市张湾区人民医院心电图、B超室,湖北十堰 442000)
ECG定位诊断急性心肌梗死的临床价值
郑先菊
(十堰市张湾区人民医院心电图、B超室,湖北十堰 442000)
目的分析急性心肌梗死体表心电图早期定位诊断与冠状动脉病变血管的相关性。方法将159例老年急性心肌梗死患者心电特征(以ST段梗死和Q波梗死)与冠状动脉造影的结果进行对比分析。结果广泛前壁V1~V6导联ST段同时抬高19例,伴不同导联病理性的Q波出现及伴I、aVL、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段下移,主要病变在前降支和左旋支。正前壁V3~V5导联ST段抬高24例,同时伴病理性的Q波出现,主要病变在前降支及左旋支;前侧壁V4~V6抬高15例,V4、V5可见病理性Q波出现,主要病变是左回旋支,其次是左降支。前间壁V1~V3导联ST段抬高11例,V2、V3病理性Q波形成,伴Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF ST段下移,主要病变在左旋支,其次为右冠状动脉;下壁Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联出现ST段抬高的同时有病理性Q波形成43例,主要病变在右冠状动脉,其次为左回旋支;下侧壁Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高33例,I、aVL、V1、V6导联ST段下移,主要病变血管在右冠状动脉,其次回旋支,左降支少见。下间壁Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V1、V2导联ST段抬高,V3~V6导联ST段下移6例,主要病变血管为回旋支,部分在右冠状动脉,极少数为左降支;高侧壁I、aVL导联ST段抬高伴病理性Q波出现,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF、V5、V6导联ST段下移,主要病变为左旋支,其次是前降支;正后壁V7、V8导联ST段上抬,V1、V2、V3R、V4R导联ST段下移,主要病变血管为右冠状动脉,其次是左旋支。159例急性心肌梗死患者通过冠脉造影确认,均为双支或3支病变。结论冠脉的解剖及供血特点决定了心电图不同导联对梗死相关冠脉的诊断定位。随着对梗死区对应导联与闭塞冠脉之间的对应关系更深刻的认识,心电图对梗死相关血管的定位诊断价值得到大幅度的提高。
急性心肌梗死;心电图定位;血管病变
急性心肌梗死以下壁、前壁发病率最高,在心肌梗死早期,心电图对准确诊断和定位其梗塞相关冠脉具有重要的临床价值。本文将159例急性心肌梗死患者的心电图特征与冠脉造影诊断结果进行分析比较,现报告如下。
159例老年心肌梗死患者中,男性140例,女性19例,年龄(65±10)岁,体表心电图18导联QRS、ST、T的改变符合WHO分型标准[1]。梗死相关动脉(IRA)确定:单支或多支血管病变狭窄≥70%的动脉为IRA,或完全闭塞的冠脉为主要冠脉病变支。
除常规12导联心电图外,另加做V7~V9、V3R~V5R或在第1次做心电图标记点的上下肋间加做导联并做记号,以观察急性梗死分期的演变过程中心电图特征改变。根据冠状动脉病变的部位与心电图特征导联将梗死部位分为前间壁(V1~V3)、前壁(V3~V5)、前侧壁(V4~V6)、高侧壁(I、aVL)、下侧壁(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF+V5、V6)、下间壁(Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF+V1~V3)、正后壁(V7~V9)、右心室(V3R~V5R)[2]。
所有患者入院治疗6 h左右,根据病情行冠脉造影术,冠状动脉管腔狭窄≥70%为有意义。IRA为导致心肌梗死的血管表现为完全闭塞以及狭窄部位有充盈缺损,局部造影剂滞留或残余狭窄特点。
采用SPSS 10.0统计分析软件,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
159例急性心肌梗死定位心电图特征与冠状动脉病变相关性统计结果见表1。
表1 159例急性心肌梗死定位心电图特征与冠脉病变部分的相关性
2.2.1 前壁、前间壁或前侧壁心肌梗死(左前降支病变)心电图特征V2、V3、V4导联ST段抬高≥0.1 mV(敏感性为95%~100%),V1~V3呈qRs型,其次为V1~V5、Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段不同程度上抬≥0.1~0.3 mV,同时伴Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段压低,多为前降支(LAD)近端闭塞,若V2~V5导联ST段抬高6 h以上病理性Q波出现,同时V7、V8导联ST段改变往往提示前降支远端闭塞。
2.2.2 前壁和高侧壁心肌梗死(前降支的第一对角支闭塞)心电图特征Ⅰ、aVL导联ST段抬高≥0.1mV(敏感性为100%)。若I、aVL、V2导联ST段抬高伴Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段压低,提示回旋支第一缘支闭塞。
2.2.3 下壁心肌梗死(右冠状动脉病变)心电图特征Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高,当幅度Ⅱ/Ⅲ<1时为右室冠状动脉闭塞;当幅度Ⅱ/Ⅲ>1时为左旋支闭塞为主。右室冠状动脉梗死早期通常表现为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高>1 mV,T波高耸直立,12 h内出现病理性Q波,对应导联I、aVL ST段压低>1 mV,高度提示ROV近端闭塞(敏感性为97.7%)。若心电图表现为Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高,V4~V6导联ST段压低,T波倒置,高度提示LCX远端闭塞(敏感性为84.1%)。
2.2.4 侧壁和正后壁心肌梗死(回旋支病变)心电图特征当V5、V6导联出现QR型或Q/R>1时必须加做V7~V9导联,如V7、V8或V9导联ST段抬高≥0.1 mv,aVR导联ST段压低≥0.1 mV,则高度提示回旋支闭塞。单纯V7、V8导联ST段抬高≥0.1 mV同时可见异常Q波,V1、V2导联R波增高,呈Rs型的镜面反映图像,提示RCA闭塞。
2.2.5 右心室心肌梗死(右冠状动脉病变)心电图特征V3R~V5R导联ST抬高,而V1~V3导联ST段下移≥0.1mV者提示右室病变可能性大。若右心室梗死与下壁心肌梗死并存时出现V3R~V7R导联ST段提高(敏感性和预示精确性均为90%~93%),同时伴有Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段压低提示右冠状动脉闭塞。若V3R、V4R导联ST段压低,T波倒置,提示LCX闭塞。
近年来对ECG在急性心肌梗死中的运用包括诊断标准、分期演变及临床意义有了更为深层的认识。心电图在心脏微循环血流再灌注的评价,判断梗死相关冠脉以及评价预后方面都能提供可靠的依据。高龄急性心肌梗死均由冠状动脉粥样硬化管腔狭窄或斑块脱落栓塞引起,梗死部位和范围与病变结果基本一致,精确度可达95%。Q波诊断冠状动脉狭窄定位准确率为92%,ST段改变为92%,T波倒置为84%[3]。
急性心肌梗死早期ECG定位诊断已有数十年的研究成果,但单靠常规12导联检查对少部分局限性及非穿壁性心肌梗死的诊断不够精确,不易记录到V3R~V5R导联有意义的证据,正后壁单纯ST改变反映不出真实性。目前广大的心血管病医师和心电图诊断工作人员通过冠脉造影的诊断结果将心脏供血区域划分为右优势型、均衡型、左优势型,以判断心肌缺血的部位、梗死面积及程度,经与体表心电图定位诊断进行对比分析,发现不同的病变冠状动脉可能导致不同或相同部位的心肌缺血并在ECG图上有相应的病变特征。本组ECG广泛前壁梗死19例,正前壁梗死24例,前间壁梗死11例,这54例患者的心电图特征准确定位LAD病变的敏感性达100%。19例广泛前壁心肌梗死中5例Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段压低,11例正后壁心肌梗死中6例Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段压低,提示下壁的供血区域来源由前降支的远端微循环血流灌注。如果下壁心肌梗死时,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联ST段抬高≥0.2 mV时,则应加做V3R~V5R及IVR导联,一般ST段亦上抬,应及早明确急性右心室诊断,积极处理以防漏诊。
本文中159例老年急性心肌梗死患者,均发生2支或3支冠脉病变,冠脉病变受累支数与心电图结果如表1所示,心电图诊断多支病变的敏感性与诊断单支病变的敏感性相比,差异有统计学意义。ECG检查的冠脉狭窄阳性查出率均随冠脉狭窄程度加重、病变指数增大而增高。冠脉造影是诊断冠脉病变最准确可靠的方法,但边远地区大多数医院无法做到,缺乏良好的环境设施及人才,加之老年患者自身年老体弱、病情复杂,不宜接受创伤性检查以及经济条件的限制,使得目前接受冠脉造影的患者有限。实践证明ECG仍为广泛应用于临床各种心脏病诊断检查的首选,在急性心肌梗死演变过程中亦能提供丰富而重要的信息。
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Clinical value of ECG localization diagnosis on acute myocardial infarction
ZHENG Xian-ju
(Department of Electrocardiogram,the People’s Hospital of Zhangwan District,Shiyan Hubei 442000,China)
ObjectiveTo analyze the relativity between early localization diagnosis of ECG and coronary artery disease of vascular on acute myocardial infarction.MethodsA total of 159 cases of ECG characteristics of acute myocardial infarction(the ST-segment and Q wave infarction)were compared with the results of coronary angiography analysis.ResultsNinteen cases of ST-segment elevation of V1~V6leads on extensive anterior wall were found which companied with varying leads pathological Q waves appeared,while ST-segment depression of I,aVL,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,aVF leads also appeared,the main pathological change located in the former drop L-branch and branch.Twenty-four cases of ST-segment elevation of V3~V5leads were found on anterior wall with pathological Q waves appeared,the main pathological change located in the former depression artery.Fifteen cases of ST-segment elevation of V4~V6leads were found on front wall while visible pathological Q wave appeared on V4and V5.The main pathological change located in left circumflex artery,followed by left descending artery.Eleven cases of ST-segment elevation of V1~V3leads were found on anteroseptal while pathologic Q waves appeared on V2,V3leads with ST segment depression ofⅡ,Ⅲ,aVF appeared,the main pathological change located in the left circumflex artery,followed by the right coronary artery.Forty-three cases of ST-segment elevation ofⅡ,Ⅲ,aVF leads on inferior were found with pathological Q waves,the main pathological change loca-ted in the right coronary artery,followed by the left circumflex artery.Thirty-three cases of ST-segment elevation ofⅡ,Ⅲ,aVF lead were found on underside wall,while ST-segment depressing for I,aVL,V1,V6.While the main pathological change located in right coronary artery followed by circumflex artery.Six cases of ST-segment elevation ofⅡ,Ⅲ,aVF,V1,V2leads were found on under partitions,while ST-segment depression of V3~V6leads appeared.ST-segment elevation of I,aVL lead were found on high lateral wall associated with pathological Q waves appeared,while ST-segment depression ofⅡ,Ⅲ,aVF,V5,V6were found,the main pathological changes located in left-anterior descending branch.ST-segment elevation of V7,V8were found on the posterior wall,while ST-segment depression of V1,V2,V3R,V4Rappeared,the main right coronary artery pathological changed,followed by L-branch.All 159 cases of acute myocardial infarction confirmed by coronary angiography were double-vessel or three-vessel disease.ConclusionCoronary anatomy and the characteristics of blood supply have important clinical significance on diagnosis of different ECG leads on acute myocardial infarction.With the development of clinical application of coronary heart disease,deep understanding will be paid for the relationship between correlation leads on infarct region and occlusion artery.
acute myocardial infarction;ECG localization;vascular disease
R540.41
A
1008-0740(2012)02-0097-03