从高考题出发探究过去分词与现在分词的被动式之间的区别

李 鸿

(浙江省温州育英国际实验学校)

过去分词done与现在分词的被动式being done，having been done在高考中经常会考测到。以近三年的全国各地的高考题为例。

1.（2011 天津卷,12） into English,the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.

A.Translating B.Translated

C.To translate D.Having translated

2.（2011福建卷,23）Tsinghua University, in 1911,is home to a great number of outstanding figures.

A.found B.founding

C.founded D.to be founded

3. （2010 山东卷，29）The living room is clean and tidy,with a dining table already

for a meal to be cooked.

A.laid B.laying

C.to lay D.being laid

4.（2009 四川，10） _____many times,he finally understood it.

A.Told B.Telling C.Having told D.Having been told它们在句中做定语、宾语补足语和状语时的区别如下所述。

1.做定语时的区别

过去分词作定语放在所修饰的词前后均可以。但是现在分词作定语一般只放在所修饰的词后边。例如：

This is an inspired suggestion.

The country,covered with cherry tree flowers,looks as though it is covered with pink snow.

The question being discussed is of great importance.

The building having been built a week before is our hospital.

2.做宾语补足语时的区别

现在分词的被动式做宾语补足语表示正在进行的动作，而过去分词做宾语补足语表示已经完成的动作。例如：

I saw the bike being repaired.（正在被修）

I saw the bike repaired.（已经修好）

但，在let等使役动词后带的宾语补足语中则只能使用过去分词。

I must have my hair cut.

3.做状语时的区别

Done除了表示被动外，还可以表示完成。Being done除了表示被动外，还可以表示正在进行。做伴随状语的时候两者可以互换。Having been done往往强调在主句谓语动词之前已经完成，或者已经持续一段时间的动作或状态。如果不强调动作的先后或时间的持续，则直接用done的形式。

The boy was running along the street,(being)followed by a dog.

(Being)Written in haste,the book has many mistakes.

=Having been written in haste,the book has many mistakes.

有时，虽然表示的时间概念相同，但是有细微的差别。

Having been shown a lab,we left.(表现从容)

Shown a lab,we left.（表达一种急促感）

过去分词在句中做状语时，根据需要可以在前面加上when,while,until,once,though,although,as long as等相应的连词（as除外）.

Unless invited,I won’t attend the gettogether.

Certain poisons,used as medicines,in small quality,proved beneficial.

(过去分词此处表示条件，不可以代之以being used)

在独立主格结构中，三者均可使用。

The joke(having been)told,let’s turn to the subject.

但是，在一些较固定搭配的独立主格结构中，一般多使用过去分词。

Everything taken into consideration,his plan seems more practical.

(答案：BCAD)

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