吴军莉
(贵阳医学院大外部,贵州贵阳550002)
基于语料库的内隐词汇教学
吴军莉
(贵阳医学院大外部,贵州贵阳550002)
词汇教学一直是英语教学的重点也是难点,传统词汇教学采用单一外显讲解方式已不能满足现今的外语教学。以语料库为基础的词汇教学,通过语料库语境共现凸显引起学生的注意,归纳总结形成内隐知识,实现有效的词汇内隐学习。
语料库;词汇教学;内隐学习
词汇教学一直都是外语教学的基础也是教学的难点。传统的词汇教学往往把词汇孤立于语法等相关语境信息,教师凭自己的学习经验或从词典中查到某个词的搭配,以外显PPT的讲解方式教给学生。学生对词汇的掌握也仅仅停留在增加词汇量的层面。笔者发现学生往往背了很多单词但仍然不能流畅地用英语表达想要表达的意思,这使得他们更加惧怕英语学习。如何有效提高学生词汇运用能力、培养学生的学习兴趣正是本文关注的话题。笔者提出基于语料库的词汇教学能充分体现内隐学习的原理,实现有效的词汇习得。
“内隐学习”的概念自从上世纪60年代由A.S.Reber(1967)提出之后就一直是认知心理学研究的热点。国内以朱滢、杨治良等为首的一批学者于20世纪80年代末90年代初开展了一系列有关内隐记忆的研究。同时内隐学习的概念也影响着外语教学。高海英和戴曼纯(2004)以中国学生为研究对象,针对英语关系从句外置结构进行了教学实验研究。戴曼纯(2005)对二语习得的“显性”与“隐性”问题进行了探讨。孙炬(2006)对二语内隐、外显学习进行了探讨,对领域内的最新进展做了概括性综述,特别对内隐、外显学习的特征、研究方法及其不同的理论构念分别做出了分析说明。张宏武和冯有贵(2008)引用认知心理学的研究成果以及二语习得的相关理论对内隐学习及其优势作了介绍和分析,并在此基础上就内隐学习对外语教学的启示加以探讨。沈菊芬(2008)运用内隐学习理论指导大学英语写作教学。
从心理学的角度来看,内隐学习(implicit learning)与外显学习(explicit learning)都与意识有关。Krashen(1992)认为二语习得主要是无意识习得的结果。Schmidt(2001)提出在注意层次上对语言形式具有的意识是二语学习所必须的,并且在语言规则意识层次上的意识非常有利于语言的学习。Arthur Reber指出“implicit learning refers,in the most basic sense,to the human ability to derive information about the world in an unconscious,non– reflective way”(Berry,1994:117).Reber(1976:93)认为内隐学习是“a primitive process structure by attending to frequency cues”.Ellis(1994a:1)也指出“Implicit learning is acquisition of knowledge about the underlying structure of a complex stimulus environment by a process which takes place naturally,simply and without conscious operations.”
基于语料库的研究方法是“以概率和频数为基础的二语习得研究的全新方法”(文秋芳2005)。语料库为词汇教学提供大量真实的自然语言,通过KWIC(key words in context)来检索实现语境共现。学生在教师的指导下观察语境共现,通过对语境共现中凸显的高频词汇的注意,学生比较容易内化该语言形式,掌握该词汇的搭配形式和内联接;以语料库为基础的词汇教学能充分培养学生的自主学习能力,学生在获得真实地道的词汇用法的同时不断吸收重构,从而发现自己在词汇学习中的某些误用或偏离。例如:
(1)eeling from his travel experiences than the limits of language allow,he still can charm and astound.Too many books
(2)dustrialrevolution compete with sensitive surveys of language and literature,the common law, parliamentary developm
(3)relativity of the external world,and the ideas that language and things perceived by consciousness were poor substi
(4)saproper object of scrutiny,and the effects of the language are palpable even ifsometimes inevitable.Beowulf
(5)sub-tests:Paragraph Meaning,Word Meaning,Spelling,Language,Arithmetic Computation,and Arithmetic Reasoning.(摘自BROWN语料库)
通过检索发现,language在BROWN中有145个例句。我国学生通常使用learn与knowledge搭配,但在BROWN中却没有这样的用法,这说明在本族语的语料中几乎不用learn knowledge这样的搭配,学生使用learn knowledge可能是受到汉语“学知识”的影响。学生通过语料库语境共现接触大量真实例句,可发现学习中的误区,同时也使学生由一个学习者转变成一个研究者,实现了有效的内隐学习。
同时语料库还为词汇教学提供了一个进行近义词、同义词辨析的有利环境,学生面对海量的真实例句从中区分同义词的具体用法,总结其义韵的差异,试以although和though为例:
(1)I think all this could apply to Parker just as well,although,because of the nature of music,it is not demonstrabl
(2)as I drove in",I said,sitting on his polished desk.Although Bob dressed like a slob,he kept a neat office."Okay,
(3)ific staining by DEAE-cellulose treated**f and**f,although clearly distinguishable under the microscope from eith
(4)e best-selling novelSo Red the Rose,by Stark Young.Although Faulkner was the heir in his own family to this tradit
(5)tage is known only statistically is also of interest,although for chemical reactor design it is not as important as
(6)he figure was so theatrically dressed,that it was as though a character from some other play had blundered into th
(7)etling eyebrows.He was possessive in his manner and,though a slave,obviously was educated after a fashion and im
(8)For investors whose income is taxed at high rates,though,a tax-free yield of 4 per cent is high.It is the equ
(9)passion spent,seems somewhat overblown and operatic,though as a diva Miss Millay perfectly controlled her notes.
(10)uld"always recall with the sincerest gratitude".Though Catherine was vexed at the number of French officers.(摘自BROWN语料库)
学生在教师指导下从BROWN语料库中分别检索出 319条相关 although的例句和 441条关于though的真实例句进行对比分析、归纳两者的具体用法与区别。学生很容易发现although与though都可作连词放在句首。Although全都作连词引导从句或短语,而though还作副词,同时though常与even, as等一起搭配使用,可以用在句末,though与副词及副词词组搭配的频率较高,学生对语料库凸显的注意,使其更容易发现该近义词的区别,并通过不断归纳总结形成自己的内隐知识(implicit language)。
教师也可以充分结合学习者语料库与目标语语料库,通过中介语对比分析法(Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis)比较本族语与非本族语使用的具体情况从而有效指导词汇教学。除此以外,教师还可根据语料库制作课堂语境共现或词汇测试,促进学生产出性词汇的形成。以语料库为基础的词汇教学改变了传统教师单一教授的方式,学生在有意识输入到无意识的内化习得转变过程中积极参与并感受到其中的快乐从而增加了求知的欲望。基于语料库的词汇教学就是“通过自然、简单、没有意思的过程对复杂刺激环境中的结构知识的习得过程”(Ellis N C,1994)。我们利用语料库引发学生的自主性学习,着眼于内部动机来开展词汇教学,根据认知激发内在动机的教学原理,其结果具有更持久和更大的影响力,因为内在动机比外在动机有效期更长 (文秋芳,2001)。基于语料库的词汇教学使得教师的教与学生的学得到了有效的沟通,学生对词汇用法的不断内化构建正是实现内隐学习的过程。
语料库将大量具有真实语境意义的实例以数据或语境共现的形式呈现在学习者面前,有利于形成一种吸引学习者注意力,强化记忆以及帮助学习者利用语境获取语义和总结规律的学习环境(何安平2004:57)。学习者通过不断地注意语境共现凸显的语言形式,使语言的显性知识转化为隐性知识,实现内隐学习的过程。基于语料库的英语词汇教学改变了传统PPT的教学模式,将词汇教学置于真实的、有意义的语言环境中,激活了不同层次水平学生的学习兴趣,培养了他们的发散思维和自主学习的能力,学习者不再是被动地接受来自教师和课本中的信息,而是通过自己对大量真实语料的观察、分析、归纳和领悟来构建语言知识,实现语言的内隐习得。当然语言的习得仅仅靠内隐学习也是不够的,内隐学习也是对外显学习有效的巩固,因此在实际教学中我们也不能忽视外显学习的重要性,只有把内隐学习与外显学习相结合才更加有利于二语的习得。
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Implicit Learning of Vocabularies Based on Corpora
WU Jun-li
(Department of College English Teaching,Guiyang Medical College,Guiyang 550002,China)
Lexical teaching is still a focus and difficulty in English teaching.The traditional lexical teaching depended on the explicit teaching cannot meet the needs of today's foreign teaching.According to the highlight of key words in context the lexical teaching based on corpora can make students classify and summarize by themselves unconsciously.Finally the implicit learning of vocabularies can be acquired.
corpora;lexical teaching;implicit learning
H313
C
1009-3583(2010)-03-0099-03
2010-01-20
吴军莉,女,贵阳医学院大外部讲师。研究方向:语言学与英语教学。