闫轶洁,冯占雨
(1.北京大北农科技集团股份有限公司,北京 100080;2.国家饲料工程技术研究中心,北京 100193)
酵母源生物饲料在畜牧业中的应用较为广泛,其产品多样,通常划分为饲料酵母、活性酵母、酵母培养物、酵母细胞壁多糖、酵母水解物、复合酵母以及酵母作载体,表达优秀外源基因的“生物合成”产品。
1.2.1 干燥和包装
活性干酵母实际上是处于“冬眠状态”,并且其是活的生物体,遇到水和糖分后,就会“苏醒”,繁殖生长。实际生产中,为了保持其活性,需要采用现代生物技术和先进设备将生产的酵母细胞干燥成水分在5%以下的产品。经过严格的干燥过程,利用真空或填充惰性气体包装的干酵母可以在1年内保持其活性。如果未按要求生产,活性干酵母的活性下降很快,品质大大降低。
1.2.2 菌种
酵母种类有1 000多种,但并非都能发挥其特有的功能。Newbold等研究发现,酿酒酵母菌株NCYC240,NCYC1026和商业制剂Yea-sac,能刺激瘤胃模拟装置中总厌氧菌和纤维分解菌的生长,而NCYC694和NCYC1088则无此功能[1]。
1.2.3 日粮类型
在动物体内酵母是作为活的生命体发挥作用的,动物肠道内食糜是其发酵基质,所以不同的日粮组成会影响其发酵,由此产生的活性物质也会有所差异。反刍动物的精料组成、纤维来源以及单胃动物日粮组成、抗生素的类型及数量都会影响活酵母的作用效果。即使同一产品的活酵母菌制剂在相同阶段、同种动物上的应用结果也不尽一致,可能主要受日粮组成的影响[2-6]。
活性酵母进入瘤胃后会大量消耗瘤胃内氧气,降低氧浓度,从而提高厌氧菌数量,特别是能有效激活乳酸利用菌和纤维素分解菌,增加反刍动物的采食量,提高家畜对粗饲料的利用率,从而对生产性能起到改善作用[7-10]。Maloney等在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加百福菌SC47饲喂断奶仔猪,使仔猪日增重增加,改善饲料转化率[2]。Heugten等在日粮中使用同种产品与高铜锌及抗生素组对比,发现高铜锌及抗生素组日粮同时添加酵母使仔猪采食量、平均日增重均提高[11]。但Hancock等和Hildabrand等向断奶仔猪日粮中单独添加酵母菌或与卡巴氧联用未能显著改善仔猪的生产性能[3,5]。Hildabrand等将酵母菌与硫酸新霉素联用添加到饲料中显著提高了仔猪生产性能[4]。雷宏俊等使用布拉啤酒酵母饲喂妊娠和哺乳母猪,降低了断奶时母猪的体重损失,显著降低了断奶仔猪死亡率,提高了哺乳期母猪采食量[12]。Onifade等使用活性干酵母饲喂肉鸡,提高了其养分消化率及平均增重、料肉比[13]。Thrune等给哺乳晚期的荷斯坦奶牛饲喂活性干酿酒酵母,能够提高其瘤胃内pH,从而降低亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的发生,以及瘤胃内总VFA的值[14]。Seymour等在断奶前后的犊牛料中加入面包酵母,可降低犊牛的发病率[15]。Adams等在荷斯坦奶牛料中使用活性酵母 Yea-Saccl026,结果发现对其产奶量产生积极影响[16]。Gtiger-Reverdin等在奶山羊饲料中加入啤酒酵母,可使低蛋白日粮组的奶山羊产奶量与对照组奶山羊的产奶量相当[17]。Wohlt等在荷斯坦奶牛饲料中加入速酵源,显著提高了哺乳初期奶牛干物质进食量、产奶量以及粗蛋白和酸性洗涤纤维的消化率[18]。Hill等在玉米-豆粕型日粮中加入活酵母饲喂荷斯坦、娟姗犊牛,结果表明,添加活酵母制剂4 g·d-1,63日龄娟姗犊牛末重更大[19]。Moallem等在小麦青贮饲粮中添加百福菌SC47,奶牛日产奶量提高4%,4%乳脂矫正奶提高6.1%。炎热季节添加活酵母,一定程度上改善了瘤胃环境,提高了干物质进食量,并使生产性能和效率获得提升[20]。Tomislav等在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加百福菌饲喂哺乳晚期的克罗地亚杂交奶山羊,使奶羊第 23和27周产奶量显著增加,整个试验阶段,酵母组奶山羊平均产奶量比对照组高(分别为630.28±92.34和 604.60±83.21),而且酵母组羊奶中乳脂比例显著提高[21]。
酵母作为活的细胞前体,进入胃肠道后繁殖和活力加强,能有效抑制病原微生物的繁殖。原因可能是酵母菌在宿主体内可以竞争性抑制病原菌对氧气和营养物质的摄入,从而降低有害菌的数量;酵母细胞壁外膜含有约甘露聚糖6.6%,其结构类似肠道上皮细胞膜表面的甘露糖残基,可竞争性的降低某些大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌对肠道的黏附[7,22];活酵母可以起到杀菌作用。王学东等在妊娠和哺乳母猪日粮中添加安琪活性干酵母,提高了哺乳母猪的采食量及断奶仔猪成活率,并且改善了母猪胃内菌群结构[23]。潘宝海等使用酿酒酵母饲喂21日龄断奶仔猪,结果表明,饲料中添加酿酒酵母可在一定程度上替代黄霉素等药物添加剂。饲料中添加酵母制剂可改善21日龄断奶仔猪消化道微生物区系,促进有益菌的增殖,对大肠杆菌等有害菌的生长有抑制效果[24]。Line等给肉仔鸡饲喂酿酒酵母后,以沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌攻毒,并以转运为应激条件,结果显示,应激过程中沙门氏菌和弯曲杆菌在肉仔鸡体内定植的数量显著降低[25]。Wohlt等在肉牛大麦日粮中添加酵母+微生态产品,结果显示,酵母与细菌联合使用在缓解瘤胃酸中毒和提高瘤胃发酵能力及营养物质消化率方面无显著作用[26]。
Buts等发现,在人类志愿者和断奶大鼠口服酿酒酵母后,小肠黏膜二糖酶的活性有所增强[27]。这对防止下痢、提高机体健康程度有积极意义。Buts等进一步推断,二糖酶活性受活酵母释放的多胺(精胺和亚精胺)的调控[28]。
酵母细胞壁的葡聚糖和甘露聚糖在消化道内会刺激网状内皮系统,促进机体产生巨噬细胞。在机体免疫系统中,巨噬细胞可以吞噬和清除体内的异物、病原体和自身衰老细胞。Jurgens等将酿酒酵母应用于玉米-豆粕型日粮饲喂仔猪,能够提高其日增重和饲料报酬;饲喂妊娠母猪和哺乳母猪,提高了母猪乳中γ-球蛋白的含量[29]。
相对于其他无生命的酵母饲料或发酵培养物,活性干酵母是作为活菌制剂进入动物体发挥作用的。除了本身具有一定的营养价值(酶、维生素、氨基酸和促生长因子)外,还会在机体代谢过程中产生多种有益活性物质,改善消化道微生物环境,促进有益菌定植,提高动物的健康。活性酵母菌等益生菌不仅被广泛用于饲料和饮水中,还被喷洒到畜舍内。近年来发酵床养殖模式的成功,主要是靠微生物的分解与转化能力,而活酵母菌一般作为制作发酵床的众多菌种之一,与其他非真菌微生物一起协同作用,在养殖生态系统中完成物质与能量的转化。随着人们对抗生素弊端认识的不断深入,活性酵母菌、乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌等在动物生产中利用最广的益生微生物将越来越受人们的重视。
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