“六字真言”攻克定语从句

2009-07-24 01:47曲鸿艳
考试周刊 2009年23期
关键词:定语从句

曲鸿艳

摘 要: 本论文主要针对以下三点:一,近年来英语学习中,学生对定语从句掌握得不好,总是出错,是学生很头痛的语法项目。二,阅读理解中,定语从句的多少决定文章的难度,学生对定语从句的理解决定了对文章的理解。三,学生苦于专业词汇的传统的讲解方法,不够简洁明了,并不能保证一定的正确率。针对以上三点,本文作者根据自己的教学经验,对传统的讲解进行了改进。经过一段时间的反复实践与练习,效果非常好,也深受学生的喜爱,大部分学生认为受益颇多。

关键词: “六字真言” 定语从句 划括号 拆句子

语法教学在英语教学中起着不可或缺的重要作用。语法就是语言,是整个交际的支撑体系,它的正确形式及其运用方法对促进交际是必需的。扎实的语法知识是英语阅读的前提,是英语写作技巧的关键,更是英语口语准确、流利的桥梁。正像英国语言学家Louis Alexander所说:“任何语言的准确性最终来自语法本身。”语法学习是英语学习过程中的一个重要组成部分,尤其英语在我国是一门外语,我们无法回避它。高中所学的内容很多,尤其是几个大的语法项目,如非谓语动词、名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句等,使很多学生感到束手无策。在高考的单项选择题中,定语从句是必考项目,在阅读理解与完型填空中,从句的多少决定了文章的难度,对定语从句的掌握程度也决定了学生对文章的理解。

但如何才能把复杂的定语从句简单化,彻底地解决学生的语法难点呢?以下是我在多年教学中所总结归纳的定语从句“六字真言”——划括号,拆句子。

一、划括号

首先对定语从句用括号括好,这样可以使复杂的句子简单化,把一个复合句分成了两个小的简单句。养成这个好习惯对学习其它的从句也是很有帮助的。如:

1.There is one point(___________________ we must understand.)

2.We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people,(most of ___________________ are healthy.)

3.I shall never forget those years (___________________I lived in the country with the farmers. )

4.A booking-office is a place ___________________tickets are sold. )

5.Do you know the reason (___________________ he left early? )

6.Near the big house there is a small garden,(___________________owner seated in it is having coffee with his friend.)

7.Dont get too close to the house(___________________the roof is under repair.)

二、拆句子

在上一步的基础上,把一个定语从句拆成两个小的简单句,但要注意的以下两点:(1)一定要把先行词放在从句中。 (2)保证主句与从句的完整与正确。如:

1.There is one point ___________________ we must understand the point.

2.We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people ___________________most of the people are healthy.

3.I shall never forget those years ___________________I lived in the country with the farmers during the years.

4.A booking-office is a place ___________________tickets are sold in the place.

5.Do you know the reason ___________________he left early for the reason.

6.Near the big house there is a small garden ___________________the gardens owner seated in it is having coffee with his friend.

7.Dont get too close to the house ___________________the roof of the house is under repair.

三、缺什么填什么

在学生已经对定语从句的关系代词与关系副词用法有所了解的基础上,再结合上一环节所拆的句子情况,只要两个句子是完整的,保证括号里面缺什么填什么,缺一个填一个,即that,which,who或whom,缺两个填两个或when, where 或介词+ which即可。

如:1.There is one point ____________________ we must understand the point.

在这一句中,从句中缺少一个词the point,而且指物,所以正确答案是 that与which。

2.We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people ____________________ most of the people are healthy.

在这一句中,从句中缺少一个词the people,而且指人,所以正确答案是whom。

3.I shall never forget those years ____________________ I lived in the country with the farmers during the years.

在这一句中,从句中缺少两个词during the years,所以正确答案是 during which 或when。

4.A booking-office is a place ____________________ tickets are sold in the place.

在这一句中,从句中缺少两个词in the place,所以正确答案是 in which 或where。

5.Do you know the reason ____________________ he left early for the reason.

在这一句中,从句中缺少两个词for the reason,所以正确答案是 for which 或why。

6.Near the big house there is a small garden ____________________ the gardens owner seated in it is having coffee with his friend.

在这一句中,从句中缺少the gardens ,所以正确答案是 whose。

7.Dont get too close to the house______the roof of the house is under repair.

在这一句中,从句中缺少of the garden ,所以正确答案是of which。

以上的几个题目是正常的用法,需要判断得出答案。但在定语从句中,有一些用法被默认为是固定的,因为大多数情况下,答案是这样的,但有时答案又变了,这样就增加了题目的难度。如:题目中有the same时,答案通常选择as,有 such 选择as,先行词是 reason时选择 why或 for which ,先行词是situation 或point 通常选where。在选择这几个有特殊先行词的题目时,学生往往会想当然地选择以上答案,这样不但容易导致错误的答案,而且容易让学生产生混乱的感觉,混淆了已经习得的知识点。那么如何解决这一问题呢?“划括号,拆句子”这六个字的熟练使用,可以使这一问题迎刃而解。

1.His plan was such a good one (____________________ we all agreed to accept it. )

A.so B.and C.that D.as

2.I have bought such a watch (____________________ was advertised on TV. )

A.that B.which C.as D.it

在这两个题目里,我们可以先讲解“such...as”与“such ...that”的区别是as从句中缺少成分,缺少主语或宾语。而that从句中不缺少成分。

然后依旧先划括号,再拆句子。第一个题目的两个句子分别是“his plan was such a good one”与“we all agreed to accept it”;第二个题目的两个句子分别是:“I have bought such a watch”与“the watch was advertised on TV”。所以两个题的答案分别是:C与C。

再比如:

1.Were just trying to reach a point (____________________ both sides will sit down together and talk. )

A.where B.that C.when D.which

2.——Do you have anything to say for yourselves?

——Yes, theres one point (____________________ we must insist on. )

A.why B.where C.how D./

第一个题目拆成的两个句子是:“Were just trying to reach a point”与“both sides will sit down together and talk at the point”。第二个题目拆成的两个句子是“theres one point”与“we must insist on the point”。第一个题是从句里加了两个词at + the point,故选A,第二个题是从句里加了一个词the point, 故答案是D 或that 或which。

再比如:

1. Its the reason (____________________ he was late.)

A.why B.that C.which D.because

2. Its the reason (____________________ he explained to me. )

A.why B.for which C.that D.because

第一个题目拆成的两个句子是“Its the reason”与“he was late for the reason”。故答案是A或for which。第二个题目拆成的句子是“Its the reason”与“he explained the reason to me”,故答案是C。

以上是笔者在多年的实践与教学中,根据学生对定语从句的学习状况及自己的教学感触及不断地改进、调整所总结归纳的方法。根据多年的使用及学生对这一方法的反馈,这一方法还是非常可行的,同行不妨一试。

参考文献:

[1]张东正.外语教学技巧新论.科学出版社, 1999年.

[2]戴炜栋,任庆梅.语法教学的新视角:外显意识增强式模式.外语界,2006年第1期.

[3]王勇.Consciousness Raising在语法教学中的作用与运用.国外外语教学,1997年第3期.

(作者系华东师范大学网络教育学院2006届研究生)

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