谈谈ｔｈａｔ引导的定语从句

张志红

关系代词that用来指物时，无论其在定语从句中作主语还是作宾语，均可与which互换使用。关系代词that用来指人并在定语从句中作主语时，可与who互换使用，关系代词that用来指人并在定语从句中作宾语时，可与whom互换使用。但还必须弄明白，在下面几种情况下，只能用that引导定语从句，而不用which或who（m）引导。

1. 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。例如：

This is the first school that I visited in America ten years ago. 这是我十年前在美国参观的第一所学校。

He is in the last row that is next to the window. 他坐在挨着窗户的最后一排。

2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。例如：

This is the best book that I have ever read before. 这是我以前读过的最好的一本书。

Have you worked out the most difficult maths problem that our teacher told us to do？ 你解出老师让我们做的那道最难的数学题了吗？

3. 有两个或多个先行词，并且分别表示人和物时，只能用that引导定语从句。例如：

He told us many interesting things and persons that we had never heard. 他给我们讲了我们从来没有听说过的人和事。

4. 先行词是all， everything， something， nothing， none等不定代词时，只能用that引导定语从句。例如：

I am interested in all that you have told me. 我对你告诉我的一切都感兴趣。

I think theres nothing that a woman cant do. 我认为没有女人做不了的事。

5. 先行词是some， any， no， only， few， little， much或者被这些词修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。例如：

They havent got any dictionaries that we need. 他们没有我们所需要的任何字典。

6. 先行词被the only， the very， the same等修饰时，只能用that引导定语从句。例如：

Is this the very man that you mentioned to me last Wednesday？ 这就是上星期三你对我提到的那个人吗？

He needs the same bike that you have. 他需要同你的一样的自行车。

7. 主句是以who， which引起的特殊疑问句时，只能用that引导定语从句。例如：

Who is the man that is playing the violin？ 正在拉小提琴的那个人是谁？

Which is the book that you want to borrow？ 你想要借的书是哪一本？

8. 先行词是主句中的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，常用that引导定语从句。例如：

China is no longer the country that it used to be. 中国再不是以前那样的国家了。

在下列情况下，不能用that引导定语从句。

1. 当关系代词紧跟在介词后作介词宾语时，只能用which 或whom引导定语从句（不可省略），不能用that引导。例如：

The farmer uses wood to build a house in which he stores grains. 那个农夫用木材搭建一座房子，用以储存粮食。

2. 先行词本身是that时，用which引导定语从句，而不用that引导。例如：

The clock is that which tells the time. 钟表是告诉人们时间的。

3. 关系代词that在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词只能放在从句中有关动词的后面，而不可放在that之前。例如：

The man that you were talking about has come to our school. 你刚才说的那个人已经来到我们学校了。

［跟踪练习］

Ⅰ. 用that或which填空。

1. A clock is a machine________tells people the time.

2. The panda is a kind of animal________can be found only in China.

3. April 1st is the day________is called April Fools Day in the west.

4. These are the pictures________my daughter drew when she was young.

5. Please think of a word________comes from a foreign language into Chinese.

6. Can you help me find the very person________saved the baby from danger in the earthquake？

7. This is the best film________has been shown in the cinema this year.

Ⅱ. 选择填空

1. This is the most beautiful park________I have ever visited.

A. whose B. who C. whom D. that

2. This is the most enjoyable journey________I have ever heard of.

A. which B. who C. that D. whom

3. Is this the very museum________some Japanese scientists visited last Wednesday？

A. one B. where C. that D. which

4. The first man________we will see is my friend， Jack.

A. that B. which C. whose D. where

5. This is the best car________I have ever seen.

A. which B. who C. that D. whose

Key：

Ⅰ. 1. that/which2. that/which3. which/that4. which/that

5. that/which6. that7. that

Ⅱ. 1-5 DCCAC