张祥美
被动语态是初中英语语法的难点,也是历年各地中考的考查热点之一。其考查热点如下:
[考查热点一] 被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be的形式必须与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致,并有时态的变化形式。例如:
1. (2008咸宁市) —Some of the plastic bags cant_____after June 1.
—Yes, people will use environment bags instead.
A. use B. be use
C. be used D. are used
[简析] 第一个句子的意义应为“塑料袋在六月一日后不能再被人们使用”。由此可知,句子的谓语部分应为含情态动词cant的被动语态形式,即正确答案为C。
2. (2008天津市) Im sure the telephone_____before the car.
A. invented B. is invented
C. was invented D. is inventing
[简析] 根据常识我们可知, telephone只能“被发明”,不能自己“发明”自己,并且telephone还是在过去被发明的,因此空白处应填一般过去时的被动式,即正确答案为C。
3. (2008河南省) —Look at the sign on the right.
—Oh, parking_____here.
A. doesnt allow B. isnt allowed
C. didnt allow D. wasnt allowed
[简析] 主语parking(停车)含单数意义。交通警示牌立在那里,说明在此处停车这种行为应该是从过去,到现在,再到将来都是不准许的。因此,空白处应填一般现在时的被动式,正确答案为B。
[考查热点二] 被动语态的各种时态
中考试题主要考查一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时和现在进行时的被动语态。
▲ 一般现在时:一般现在时的被动语态由“助动词am/is/are + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。主语为I时,用am。主语为复数名词和人称代词we, you, they时,用are。 主语为单数名词和人称代词it/he/she时,用is。 例如:
1. (2008安徽省) When you leave the room, make sure the door
.
A. was locked B. is locked
C. will be locked D. should be locked
[简析] 主句的意思应为“确保门被锁上”。因此,门是“被锁上”,空白处的谓语动词只能是被动式。从句谓语动词是一般现在时,主句是个祈使句,其后的谓语动词也应该用一般现在时的被动式。故B为正确答案。
2. (2008辽宁省) —I want to be a Chinese teacher when I grow up.
—Thats great. Chinese teachers_____in China and some foreign countries.
A. need B. are needing
C. are needed D. will need
[简析] 答句后一句的主语Chinese teachers只能“被需要(are needed)”。 故正确答案为C。
3. (2008泰安市) —Look! What a nice garden!
—Yes. It_____every day.
A. is cleaned B. has been cleaned
C. is being cleaned D. was cleaned
[简析] 四个选项都是被动形式,但从时间状语every day我们可以判断,空白处应填一般现在时的被动式,据此可排除B、C、D三个选项。故正确答案为A。
▲ 一般过去时:一般过去时的被动语态由“was/were + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。主语为人称代词I/he/she/it和单数名词及不可数名词时,用was。 主语为复数名词和人称代词we, you和they时,用were。 例如:
1. (2008江西省) —How many cakes can I have, Mum?
—None, dear. They_____for your father.
A. prepare B. prepared
C. have prepared D. were prepared
[简析] 根据语境可知,答句中的They指的是cakes, 它与prepare之间为被动关系,而且动作发生在过去。故正确答案为D。
2. (2008山西省) Professor Yi Zhongtian_____to the Talk Show on CCTV?鄄1 last weekend.
A. invites B. invited C. was invited
[简析] 根据句意可知,句子主语Professor Yi Zhongtian与invite之间为被动关系。再从时间状语last weekend判断,正确答案为C。
▲ 一般将来时:一般将来时的被动语态由“will/shall + be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成, will没有人称和数的变化, shall只用于第一人称主语。例如:
1. (2008南京市) It is reported that the Underground Line No. 3
in our city in 2010.
A. will build B. has built
C. will be built D. has been built
[简析] 根据句子语境及意义推断, the Underground Line No. 3只能是“被”人“建成”。再从时间状语in 2010我们可以判断,谓语动词应用一般将来时的被动形式。故正确答案为C。
2. (2008徐州市) Dont worry. You_____plenty of time to decide.
A. will give B. have given
C. will be given D. are giving
[简析] 从句意“别担心,会给你许多的时间做决定”我们可知,主语You与give之间为被动关系, A、B、D三项均不符合要求。故正确答案为C。
▲ 现在完成时:现在完成时的被动语态由“have/has + been + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。第一、三人称单数主语与has连用,其余人称的主语与have连用。例如:
(2006徐州市) Chinas sport stars Yao Ming and Liu Xiang_____Goodwill Ambassadors(亲善大使) for Shanghai.
A. has been named B. have been named
C. has named D. have named
[简析] 主语Yao Ming and Liu Xiang是“已经”被任命为上海的亲善大使,谓语动词应用现在完成时的被动式。因此,正确答案为B。
▲ 现在进行时:现在进行时的被动语态由“is/am/are + being + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。主语为人称代词it/she/he和单数名词及不可数名词时,用is。 主语为I时,用am。 主语为复数名词和人称代词we, you, they时,用are。 例如:
(2006滨州市) The World Cup(世界杯足球赛)_____in Germany now.
A. being had B. is having
C. is holding D. is being held
[简析] 主语The World Cup是hold动作的承受者。又从时间副词now我们可知,空白处应该填现在进行时的被动式。故正确答案为D。
[考查热点三] 含情态动词的被动语态
含情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词(can, may, must, should等) + be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。例如:
1. (2008黄冈市) —Do you believe there are aliens?
—Im afraid not. I dont think aliens_____in space.
A. can find B. can be found
C. can be founded D. cant be found
[简析] 答话者认为,“外星人”是不会“被找到”的。主句谓语动词为否定式,实际否定从句内容。 find的过去分词是found。 故正确答案为B。
2. (2008自贡市) —There is a lot of wind in North China.
—Well, more trees_____every year to stop the wind.
A. must be planted B. can planted
C. should planted
[简析] 答语中,主语more trees与谓语动词plant之间为被动关系,故谓语动词应用被动语态;含情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成。因此,正确答案应为A。
3. (2008南宁市) Things should_____here before you enter the Great Museum.
A. keeps B. keep
C. be kept D. are kept
[简析] 句子主语Things与keep之间为被动关系。又根据含情态动词的被动语态的构成模式可知,正确答案为C。
[考查热点四] 短语动词的被动语态
look after, talk about, laugh at, listen to, take care of, pay attention to, write down等短语动词在意义上相当于一个及物动词。将其变为被动语态时,要将整个短语动词视为一个整体,将其中的动词变为过去分词,后面的介词或副词不能漏掉。例如:
(2008恩施市) Maria_____at 6:00 every morning by her mother to get ready for school.
A. was woken up B. woke up
C. wakes up D. is woken up
[简析] Maria是短语动词wake up动作的对象,从介词短语by her mother和时间状语at 6:00 every morning我们可以判断,空白处的谓语动词应为一般现在时的被动语态。故正确答案为D。
[考查热点五] 表示被动意义的特殊结构
sell, wash, be worth doing等词语的主动形式常表示被动含义。还有一些句式中的主语和谓语之间不存在被动关系,因而常用其主动形式来表达被动含义。例如:
(2008杭州市) Happiness_____in her grandfathers eyes every time he hears her voice.
A. shines B. is shining
C. has shone D. was shone
[简析] 句子含被动意思,但主语Happiness与谓语动词shine之间不存在被动关系,故不能用被动形式,只能用主动形式。又从句中的hears可知,谓语动词应用一般现在时。故正确答案为A。