喻安民
1.close, closely
close既可作动词、形容词、名词,又可作副词,而closely只能作副词。close作副词时与closely在用法上有区别。
(1)close主要用来指“场所”的接近,相当于near。eg:
We live close to the church. 我们住在教堂附近。
Dont come too close. 不要靠得太近!
The end of the vacation is drawing close. 假期已接近尽头。
(2)closely的意思是:in a close manner(抽象性)接近地;紧密地;严密地;密切地。eg:
The policemen examined his room closely.
警察严密地检查了他的房间。
She closely resembles her mother. 她长得很像她母亲。
2.despite, in spite of
despite其意义和用法和in spite of相同,但比in spite of更显正式,意思是“不管”“不顾”。其后都要求跟名词性的词语。eg:
Her voice was shaking despite all her efforts to control it.
尽管她竭尽全力控制自己,声音仍然在颤抖。
In spite of some mistakes, the article is good on the whole.
这篇文章尽管有些错误,但整体上很好。
3.poem, poetry与poet
(1)poem“诗,韵文”,是个可数名词,可指具体的一篇诗作,其复数形式是poems。eg:
He is composing a poem. 他正在作诗。
(2)poetry是个集合名词,表示诗的总称,没有复数形式。意为“诗,诗篇,诗兴”。eg:
This is a book of poetry. 这是一本诗集。
The book of poetry contains 300 poems. 这本诗集容有300首诗歌。
(3)poet“诗人”,是个可数名词。eg:
His father is a famous poet. 他父亲是个著名的诗人。
4.major, main
(1)major是形容词,意思是“较大的”,相当于greater或者more important。通常表示数量、程度、价值方面占的比例较大。major需要放在所修饰名词前或者让它充当表语。eg:
The major part of the job is done by machine.
那项工作的大部分由机器来做。(major说明数量)
Hundreds of thousands of people died in the major earthquake in Tangshan in 1976.
数以万计的人在1976年的唐山大地震中死去。(major说明程度)
Liverpool is a major British port. 利物浦是英国的一个重要港口。
(major说明价值)
(2)main的意思是“最重要的”“主要的”,相当于chief。作为形容词,main和major一样,也是只能置于所修饰的名词之前。eg:
Tell us the main purpose of this project.
告诉我们这个方案的主要目的。
Jinshui Avenue is one of the main streets in Zhengzhou.
金水大道是郑州市的主要街道之一。
5.in charge of, in the charge of
(1)in charge of意为“负责(某事)”,主语常是人,表示主动。eg:
Mr White is in charge of our class. 怀特先生负责我们这个班。
He is in charge of the project. 他负责这项工程。
(2)in the charge of是“由(某人)管理”之意,主语常是被管理的人或事物。eg:
The bus is in the charge of the driver.
这辆汽车由那位驾驶员负责管理。
This ward of the hospital is in the charge of Dr Green.
医院的这间病房由格林医生负责。
6.deep, deeply
deep和deeply都可作副词,但两词在用法上有很大的差别。
(1)指动作或实际深度时,常用deep。deep除作副词外还可用作形容词。eg:
The ship sank deep into the sea. 轮船沉到大海深处了。
The well is 200 meters deep. 这口井有200米深。
(2)用于抽象的或比喻意味,尤其指感情程度时,常用deeply。eg:
He is deeply interested in the subject.
他对这门学科有浓厚的兴趣。
What he said hurt her deeply. 他的话深深地伤害了她。
7.shade, shadow
(1)shade和shadow都有“荫”之意,但shade一般指“阴凉处”,“避光或遮阳的东西”,“树荫”。而shadow则指“影子,阴影”。eg:
He sat in the shade of the tree. 他坐在树荫下。
Im too hot in the sun. Lets get into the shade.
我在太阳底下太热了,咱们到阴凉处去吧。
(2)请看shadow在下列句中的意思。 eg:
As the sun sets, the shadows grow longer.
随着太阳的下山,影子变长了。
By six oclock in the evening, this part of the garden is in shadow.
到下午六点时,花园的这一部分就在阴影里了。
8.worth, worthy
worth和worthy均有“值得……”之意。但是,worth只作表语,其后一般跟名词或动名词,若跟不定式或动名词作主语,用“It is worthwhile to do/doing”结构;worthy可作表语或定语,作表语时,其后可跟“of+名词或动名词被动形式”或不定式的被动形式,作定语时,意为“有价值的,可敬的,相称的”。eg:
——How much is this old book worth? 这本旧书值多少钱?
——Its worth $30.30美元。
Is this book worth reading once again? 这本书值得再读一遍吗?
His deed is worthy of praise.
(=His deed is worthy of being praised./His deed is worthy to be praised.)他的行为值得称赞。
This book is worthy of being read/to be read. 这本书值得一读。
We must train ourselves to be worthy successors to the revolutionary cause. 我们一定要把自己培养成革命事业的值得信任的接班人。