急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死后支架置入时机的研究进展

2024-06-26 15:18苏利芳汪雁博刘畅畅姜云发
心血管病学进展 2024年5期
关键词:球囊冠脉心肌梗死

苏利芳 汪雁博 刘畅畅 姜云发

【摘要】急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗是急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者救治的关键措施,立即支架置入是目前开通血管、恢复血流常用的介入方法,但存在微循环栓塞及无复流的现象,严重影响预后。延迟支架置入(DSI)联合强化抗栓治疗,可减轻冠状动脉血栓负荷,降低微循环障碍的发生率,改善患者的心脏功能及预后。但多项随机对照试验结果并未显示出DSI的明显获益,因此临床上对于DSI的应用仍存在争议。现对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者支架置入时机进行综述,从而为临床工作提供参考。

【关键词】延迟支架置入;立即支架置入;急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死

【DOI】10.16806/j.cnki.issn.1004-3934.2024.05.011

The Timing of Stent Implantation for Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

【Abstract】Emergency percutaneous coronary intervention is the key treatment for patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.Immediate stent implantation is a commonly used interventional method to open blood vessels and restore blood flow,but there are microcirculation embolism and no reflow phenomenon,which seriously affect the prognosis.Delayed stent implantation(DSI) combined with enhanced antithrombotic therapy can reduce the burden of coronary thrombosis and the incidence of microcirculation disorders,and improve the cardiac function and prognosis of patients.However,many randomized controlled trials did not show significant benefits of DSI.Therefore,the clinical application of DSI is still controversial.This article will review the timing of stent implantation in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,so as to provide reference for clinical work.

【Keywords】Delayed stent implantation;Immediate stent implantation;Acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)是由于冠状动脉(冠脉)斑块破裂或糜烂激发血栓形成,从而引起冠脉的完全性闭塞,导致供血区内的心肌产生透壁性损伤、坏死。治疗的关键不仅是及时开通梗死相关血管,恢复冠脉血流,更重要的是恢复心肌细胞的有效灌注,挽救濒死的心肌,改善患者预后。目前有效的再灌注策略包括静脉溶栓、经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术。对于确诊的急性STEMI患者,若能在120 min内转运至具备PCI能力的医院,则首选急诊直接PCI开通梗死相关血管,否则应在首次医疗接触后30 min内进行溶栓治疗[1-2],对于溶栓失败的患者应立即行补救PCI,溶栓成功的患者应在2~24 h内行冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)评估血流恢复情况[3-4]。然而对于经过应用肝素、静脉溶栓、冠脉内血栓抽吸及球囊扩张等操作,血流已恢复的STEMI患者,尤其是对于血栓高负荷、微循环障碍高风险的患者,常规球囊扩张合并立即支架置入(immediate stent implantation,ISI)有可能出现无复流及慢血流现象,影响救治效果。延迟支架置入(deferred stent implantation,DSI)是否可改善这部分患者的预后目前仍存在争议。现就急性STEMI患者支架置入时机进行讨论,从而为临床工作提供参考。

1 ISI的优势与潜在风险

ISI的紧急PCI是急性STEMI患者再灌注的首选方法。通过基础药物治疗、静脉溶栓、球囊扩张或者冠脉内血栓抽吸等处理,使冠脉内急性心肌梗死溶栓试验(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)血流分级达到2~3级后立即置入支架来持久有效地解除血管狭窄。与单纯的球囊扩张相比,ISI可有效地防止梗死相关血管再闭塞的发生,降低近期及远期死亡、再梗死、致残性卒中及靶血管重建的复合终点事件的发生率[5-6],并能明显改善患者的长期生存率[7]。一项荟萃分析[8]纳入了9项研究总计4 433例急性STEMI患者,证实ISI可降低血管再狭窄及血运重建的发生率。另一项荟萃分析[9]也证明ISI可明显降低靶血管的血运重建,从而降低6~12个月主要不良心血管事件的发生风险(OR=0.52,95%CI 0.44~0.62,P<0 .001)。

但在急性血栓形成的血管环境中ISI存在一些潜在的风险,虽能有效恢复心外膜正常的冠脉血流,但存在微循环灌注受损的现象。有动物研究[10]证实冠脉完全闭塞40 min时开通血管,心肌血流灌注可恢复至正常,闭塞90 min时再开通,心肌血流灌注明显减低。支架置入及球囊扩张过程中挤压血栓及斑块,碎屑会随血液流至冠脉的远端造成堵塞,同时急性缺血缺氧会引起冠脉血管内皮细胞的肿胀、血管痉挛、毛细血管内皮功能障碍,均会导致微循环阻塞[11-14],造成慢血流及无复流现象。来自7项随机试验的个体数据汇总分析1 688例行ISI治疗的急性STEMI患者,在术后7 d内行心脏磁共振检查评估微循环灌注情况,结果显示56.9%的患者存在微循环阻塞,且随访6个月,发现微循环阻塞的程度与心力衰竭再住院及死亡的发生率密切相关,并且通过多因素分析显示,微循环阻塞是全因死亡的独立预测因子[15]。同时由于梗死相关血管血栓负荷较重、血管痉挛以及外部水肿组织的压迫等因素,支架置入的位置和支架大小可能并不合适,会造成支架贴壁不良、支架小梁未覆盖、晚期和极晚期支架内血栓形成的风险增高[16]。

2 DSI策略在STEMI患者中的应用

为避免ISI带来的潜在问题,有学者提出DSI的理念,先通过血栓抽吸、球囊扩张及溶栓治疗等方式使梗死相关血管血流恢复,经过数天的强化抗血栓治疗,待冠脉内血栓负荷降低及血流稳定后再行支架置入治疗。甚至有研究[17-18]提出DSI结合最小化即时机械干预策略,仅应用导丝或直径<2 mm的小球囊缓慢增加压力,对病变血管进行扩张来减少对血栓和斑块的挤压,可最大程度地降低慢血流及无复流的发生。但目前对于DSI的人群选择、置入时机以及安全性仍存在很多争议。

多项研究评估了DSI的有效性及安全性,但研究的结果并不一致。部分研究[17,19-22]显示,对于发病12 h内到达医院行首次CAG显示梗死相关血管TIMI血流分级为3级,或通过球囊扩张及血栓抽吸血流恢复的急性STEMI患者,经过数小时甚至数日的抗栓治疗后再次行CAG检查显示,冠脉内血栓负荷及血管狭窄程度较前明显减轻,甚至部分患者可避免支架的置入,且并未增加冠脉急性再闭塞的发生率。长期随访结果显示,DSI还可改善心脏功能及临床预后。

然而,近年来几项随机对照试验却显示,常规DSI策略并不能改善患者的微循环灌注及主要不良心血管事件。一项大规模、随访时间长、多中心的随机对照“DANAMI 3-DEFER”研究[23]结果显示,DSI并未改善临床结局,该研究共纳入1 215例发病12 h内急性STEMI患者,随机分为ISI组(n=612)与DSI组(n=603),对于DSI组的患者首次CAG应用导丝、血栓抽吸或球囊扩张后TIMI血流分级达到2~3级后观察10 min,确保血流稳定后结束手术,随后应用比伐卢定或血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂抗栓治疗至少4 h,两组均常规口服双联抗血小板治疗。DSI组平均3 d后再次行CAG检查,若残余狭窄<30%、无夹层及血栓存在,则可避免支架置入,对于该部分患者3个月后再次行CAG检查。随访42个月,结果认为DSI并未降低患者全因死亡、因心力衰竭再入院、再发心肌梗死及靶血管血运重建的主要复合终点事件的发生率(17% vs 18%,P=0.92)。随后完成的“DANAMI-3-DEFER”的亚组研究[24]显示,常规DSI不能减少梗死面积和降低微血管阻塞发生的风险。INNOVATION研究[25]主要是评估与ISI相比,3~7 d的DSI对心肌梗死面积与微循环灌注的影响,首次再灌注治疗后30 d行心脏磁共振检查结果显示,DSI并未减少STEMI患者的心肌梗死面积,降低微循环障碍的发生率。同样,最小化即时机械干预研究[26]比较了ISI与延迟24~48 h(平均36 h)支架置入对微循环灌注及临床事件发生的影响,结果不支持常规应用DSI策略,并提出DSI的弊端,需行二次PCI的手术相关风险增高、住院时间延长及住院花费高等。

以上几项随机对照试验结果均认为DSI并不能使STEMI患者获益,甚至认为会增加患者的手术风险、延长患者住院时间及增加住院费用。但“DANAMI-3-DEFER”的研究[24]结果显示,DSI组有14%的患者避免了支架的置入,支架置入的总长度明显小于ISI组,随访18个月,DSI组的左室射血分数高于ISI组,且有统计学意义(60% vs 57%,P=0.042)。INNOVATION研究亚组分析[25]显示针对前壁心肌梗死的患者,DSI可减少心肌梗死的面积,降低微循环阻塞的发生率。而最小化即时机械干预研究[26]直接将血栓负荷高、血流不稳定的患者排除在外,这部分高危患者可能是DSI策略真正获益的人群。因此,以上几项研究的结论还值得进一步思考和验证。

梗死相关血管的高血栓负荷与STEMI患者直接PCI术后远端栓塞及无复流的发生密切相关,是主要不良心血管事件及支架内血栓形成的独立危险因素[27-28]。国内外针对这部分患者支架置入的时机进行了相关研究[29-35],均认为经过数天的强化抗栓治疗后再行支架的置入可明显降低远端栓塞及无复流的发生,改善心肌微循环的灌注,且未增加不良事件的发生率。Souteyrand等[36]应用冠脉内光学相干断层成像评估冠脉内血栓负荷变化,结果显示在急性期后7 d冠脉内的血栓负荷会明显降低。Mester等[18]入选存在血栓高负荷的患者155例,应用导丝或者小球囊扩张冠脉使TIMI血流分级达到2~3级后,经过7 d的强化抗栓治疗和抗凝治疗后,再次行CAG检查,结果显示TIMI血流分级明显改善,病变血管的狭窄程度明显减轻,最终有约36%的患者避免支架的置入。一项国内的研究[29]同样对血栓高负荷的急性STEMI患者经过7 d的抗栓治疗后行支架置入术,结果显示该组患者术后TIMI血流分级达到3级的比例更高(97.5% vs 80.9%,P=0.018),并且显著降低了远端栓塞(2.5% vs 19.1%,P=0.018)和无复流的发生率(0% vs 14.9%,P=0.014)。Ke等[30]应用心肌呈色分级结合TIMI血流分级评估高血栓负荷患者经过7 d的抗栓治疗后行支架置入对心肌微循环的影响,与ISI相比,DSI虽然TIMI血流分级无明显差异(2.91±0.49 vs 2.84±0.37,P>0.05),但心肌呈色分级却明显改善(2.45±0.67 vs 1.80±0.88,P<0.001)。以上研究多强调对于血栓高负荷患者,在行DSI前强化抗栓治疗的重要性,除常规的双联抗血小板治疗外,还要重视围手术期肝素、比伐卢定及血小板糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂的使用,在降低缺血事件发生的同时不增加出血风险成为治疗的关键。

DEFER-STEMI研究[37]对存在以下至少1项无复流或慢血流危险因素的STEMI患者的支架置入时机进行评估,危险因素包括:病史特征(包括陈旧性心肌梗死、年龄≥65岁或症状持续≥6 h),罪犯血管特征(包括CAG首帧TIMI血流分级为0~1级、高血栓负荷、长病变、小管径),再灌注后急性微循环损伤的临床表现(如ST段仍持续抬高等)。研究结果显示DSI组患者的无复流或慢血流发生显著少于ISI组(P=0.006),前者在支架置入后TIMI血流分级和心肌呈色分级均优于后者,心肌梗死发病后2 d及6个月行心脏磁共振检查提示DSI组患者的心肌存活率和存活指数均优于ISI组。该研究结果为高危STEMI患者提出新的治疗策略。

以上DSI策略的研究由于纳入患者的危险分层、分组方式、随访时长及观察指标不同,尤其是延迟时间、围手术期抗栓治疗用药的种类及强度、评价微循环手段各异,这些因素都会影响研究的最终结果。支架置入前的充分抗栓治疗,可明显减轻冠脉血栓负荷、稳定血流环境,此时CAG能更加准确地评估血管病变情况,能进一步优化再血管化策略,包括避免支架的置入、支架大小的选择以及多支病变的患者行外科手术治疗。最重要的是可改善急性STEMI患者的临床预后。但DSI会延长患者的住院时间、增加诊疗费用以及面临二次手术带来的相关风险,包括再闭塞、对比剂肾病等风险。因此DSI的指征及时机应严格把握。

3 DSI在STEMI患者中应用的前景和展望

目前还没有循证医学证据表明何时为STEMI患者最佳支架置入时机。对于急诊CAG提示无残余血栓且存在固定有意义狭窄的STEMI患者,可考虑ISI解除狭窄恢复血流。但对于CAG提示高血栓负荷、无复流高危患者,延迟支架策略可能是一种更合理的选择[38]。通过血栓抽吸、球囊扩张等操作使血流恢复并且维持稳定,尤其冠脉内靶向溶栓治疗可明显降低血栓负荷,改善微循环灌注,减少主要不良事件的发生[39-41]。经过数天的强化抗栓治疗,包括规范的抗凝治疗及抗血小板治疗,待冠脉内血栓负荷明显减轻、血流环境更加稳定后择期再次行CAG检查,并

通过功能学评价如微循环阻力指数评估冠脉血流恢复、心肌灌注情况,根据结果决定是否需要支架的置入。

总之,DSI为部分急性STEMI患者提供了治疗的新思路,但对于延迟支架的适用人群、延迟时机以及围手术期抗栓治疗的应用需结合中国人群的特点进行更大规模、设计更科学的试验研究和临床长期观察。

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