书面表达命题特点及备考策略

北京 昝亚娟

高考坚持“价值引领、素养导向、能力为重、知识为基”的命题理念，不断加大对考生的思维品质和创新能力的考查力度。书面表达通常是一套试卷中最大的亮点之一，但是由于种种原因，考生在书面表达写作方面存在诸多问题，这导致考生书面表达题失分严重，考生应引起足够的重视。

一、命题特点和趋势

（一）写作话题与时俱进，彰显时代特色

2020—2023年新高考Ⅰ卷书面表达分析

从上表可知，2020—2023年新高考Ⅰ卷书面表达的话题密切联系校园生活，贴近考生实际生活，并能够再现生活经历。写作内容极具时代特色，反映了当代高中生校园生活的方方面面，且语篇类型逐年变化，较为丰富。

（二）试题的开放性渐强，凸显能力立意

尽管近四年的书面表达都是提纲式作文，但是从试题的写作提示来看，试题的开放程度逐步加大，考生需要自主决定写作内容，这对考生分析问题和解决问题的能力提出了更高的要求，也意味着高考加大了对考生的思维品质考查的力度。

2023 年新高考Ⅰ卷的书面表达是让考生以高中生李华的口吻给外教Ryan 写一封邮件，表达自己对“将学生随机分为两人一组，让大家课后练习口语”这种做法的不同看法，并提出一些合理的建议。部分考生由于思维能力不足且不善于分析问题，故无法提出相应的解决问题的方案，因而在写作中存在较大的障碍。

（三）试题元素更加丰富，对接课程标准

近年的高考命题重视五育并举，以促进考生在德智体美劳方面的均衡发展。因此，关于体育、艺术和劳动的话题频频出现在高考书面表达中。此外，2023年，新高考首次出现了练习口语的写作情境，这充分说明高考落实了课程标准中规定的对新能力“说”的考查要求，也说明高考与课程标准的对接不断增强。

（四）写作情境贴近生活，考查思维品质

2023年新高考Ⅰ卷的书面表达聚焦英语实际教学，该情境真实而普遍，需要考生深入思考，并发表自己的观点。可以推测的是，今后的英语书面表达命题将会保持更加开放的趋势，凸显对考生解决问题的能力和创新能力的考查。这一趋势将为考生提供更加自由的发挥空间，有利于高校选拔出思维品质良好和语言能力强的优秀人才。

二、备考策略

首先，熟悉各类文体的基本结构，掌握相关表达

（一）交际性应用文的写作

交际性应用文是高考书面表达的重要文体之一。书信类文体的写作模式相对固定，考生可以通过研读写作范例，掌握该文体的语篇结构，并积累写作素材，以提高写作能力。我们以咨询信为例，说明如何掌握交际性应用文的写作。

【案例链接】

假定你是李华，得知某国际机构近期将在德国柏林举办国际青少年音乐大赛，你有意参加，请根据下面的写作提示写一封咨询信。内容包括：

1.咨询内容；

2.期待回复。

注意：

1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考范文

Dear Sir/Madam,

My name is Li Hua, a student from China.Having learned that an international teenager music competition will be held in Berlin, Germany, I am writing to ask you for some information about it.

As a music lover, I began to learn how to sing when I was six.I am wondering whether you accept pop music.I am currently composing a song about school life.Could you tell me if original songs will be acceptable? I would be grateful if you could send me arrangements of the contest.I also would like to know how to join this competition.

I would appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

第一步：分析语篇类型及框架结构

本次写作任务是写一封咨询信。咨询信是写信人就某一个问题向收信人进行咨询，希望对方提供相关信息的一种专用书信。

咨询信的写作框架：

第一段陈述写信的背景和咨询的内容；

第二段得体地列出要咨询的具体内容；

第三段表达需要得到帮助的迫切心情并表示感谢。

第二步：积累语言素材

写信目的

I am writing to ask for more information about...

I am writing to inquire about some details about...

I am writing to make an inquiry about...

咨询问题

I wonder if you could offer me some information about...

Would you be so kind as to answer the following questions?

Would you be so kind as to tell me...?

I also would like to know...

Besides, could you please tell me if...?

My last question is whether...

Faced with challenges, I was at a loss/confused.

I'm writing to seek your advice on how to...

Would you like to give me some advice on how to...?

结尾

I would appreciate it if you could give me some precious advice.

It would be highly appreciated if you would provide me with detailed information.

（二）非交际性应用文的写作

非交际性应用文主要有新闻报道、专栏稿件和征文、图表作文等。

1.新闻报道

新闻报道根据事实对最近所发生的事件进行实事求是的报道，为人们提供最新的信息。新闻报道的语言要求具体、准确、精练，时态以一般过去时为主。新闻报道一般由四个部分组成。

第一部分：标题（新闻的标题是对新闻内容的浓缩和概括）。

第二部分：导语（大体交代新闻事件，主要包括新闻事件发生的时间、地点，以及新闻事件中的人物等，简明扼要地表达出新闻的核心内容）。

第三部分：主体（新闻报道的主要部分，它用充足的事实来描述事件过程，对导语的内容进行进一步的展开和阐述）。

第四部分：结束语（总结全文或发表评论）。

【案例链接】

上周，你校高三年级学生在操场上举行了篮球比赛的决赛(the basketball final)，请你为校报的《英语园地》栏目写一篇新闻报道。

内容包括：

1.比赛经过；

2.获奖情况；

3.活动反响。

注意：

1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考范文

The basketball final

On the afternoon of last Friday, the basketball final of Grade 12 was held on the playground, which was really exciting and impressive.

The match began at 4：00 pm.Four strong teams competed against each other for the prize.Our class played against Class 6, which is one of the strongest teams in our school.Not only do they have tall players, but they also have real skills.In the beginning, my class fell behind, but all the players didn't give up hope.They worked together and tried their best to make shot after shot.Finally, our team won by two points.

The activity was highly thought of by both students and parents.Not only did it provide a platform for us to release pressure and get exercise, but it also made us our school life more colorful.

2.专栏稿件、征文类

专栏稿件、征文类通常按照给出的标题、主题和写作提纲的限制进行写作。

考生应首先明确写作目的和要求。专栏稿件和征文类的写作通常会设定标题或主题，因此，考生在整个写作过程中，应紧密地围绕主题展开。此外，征文通常会有一定的字数限制，考生应合理地控制篇幅，并确保行文流畅。

【案例链接】

在我们成长的过程中，我们都曾经得到老师和家长的鼓励。请以“The power of encouragement”为题为校报的《英语园地》栏目写一篇稿件。

内容包括：

1.介绍你受到鼓励的经历；

2.分享你的感悟。

注意：

1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

参考范文

The power of encouragement

We all need to be encouraged from time to time.Encouragement makes us feel warm and gives us strength to move forward.I still remember how my English teacher encouraged me when I was in a difficult situation.

Last year the English Speech Contest was held in my school.Though lacking experience, I signed up for it to challenge myself.However, I didn't know what to do.So I turned to my English teacher for help.Luckily, she encouraged me to try my best and promised to offer me some help.Not only did she check my draft, but she also invited me to practice in front of my class.Thanks to her encouragement and help, I managed to deliver my speech successfully.

It was my teacher's encouragement that gave me confidence and helped me grow.Now I firmly believe that I can do better if I keep on trying.

3.图表作文

图表作文要求考生根据柱状图或饼图提供的数据进行分析，揭示这些数据所反映的某种现象，并针对这个问题发表个人看法。

图表作文通常由三部分组成：第一段陈述数据的来源，引出话题；第二段逐一陈述数据，并概括反映的问题或现象；第三段针对这个问题发表个人看法或提出解决方案。

【案例链接】

最近某机构针对中学生的课外活动情况做了随机性调查，结果如下图所示。请结合柱状图提供的数据，为校报的《英语园地》栏目写一篇稿件。

内容包括：

1.陈述数据；

2.分析原因；

3.个人看法。

注意：

1.词数80左右；

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

What activities do students do after class?

参考范文

Recently, a survey has been conducted about what activities students do after class.The results are shown in the bar chart.

As we can see, 54.80% of the students spend their spare time working on their lessons to improve their scores while about one quarter (24.80%) play sports to relax themselves.12.00% students prefer entertainment, with 8.40% students doing other activities.

There are some reasons behind this.Getting good scores is students' main focus.That is why the majority of students still learn their lessons after class.Playing sports is a good way to keep fit and relax and students need entertainment to release pressure, which account for their preference for exercise and entertainment.

It is important to strike a balance between work and play.Students should choose a proper way to exercise their body and relax their mind.

其次，勇于尝试高级表达，提升语言质量

在平时的写作练习中，考生除了要对文章进行谋篇布局，还要有精品意识，尽量使用高级词汇，提升句子的质量，以提高写作的档次，从而彰显表达能力，赢得阅卷老师的青睐。我们一起来看看下面的例子。

1.The activity is interesting.We think our time and efforts worthwhile.Not only did we get close to nature, but we also knew more about the plants around us.We should take care of the plants around us and keep the balance of nature.

升级表达：This activity has benefited us in many ways.Not only did we have a better understanding of the plants around us, but we also realized the importance of protecting the ecosystem.Only by taking good care of the plants around us, can we keep the balance of nature and achieve sustainable development.

2.This activity aims to help us live a green life.You can let members do some voluntary work.It can help them know the importance of going green.Why not organize a rubbish picking activity to make our city clean?

升级表达：Since this is an activity aiming to promote green living, I recommend you should get club members involved in some voluntary work, which can help them realize how important it is to live a green life.It is also a good idea to organize a rubbish picking activity so that we can can make our city cleaner with our hands.

3.You can design a poster about the activity and post it in public places.It can help people to realize that they should make their city a better place.

升级表达：It is advisable to design a poster about the activity and post it in public places.By doing so, you can help people to realize that it is everyone's responsibility to make our city a better place.

最后，要具有与目标读者交流的意识，关注语言的得体性

书面表达为考生提供了各种各样的写作情境，目标读者可能是外国网友、外教、交换生、留学生、某英语期刊的编辑或某国际机构的负责人，因此在写作时，考生要注意写出的内容应符合具体的交际情境，使用得体的语言进行交流，以圆满完成交际任务。如果考生使用的语言不得体，文章就会显得语言唐突、表达生硬。这些硬伤会拉低文章的写作档次，最终成为扣分点。例如：

1.I am Li Hua from Class 3.Knowing that we are going to be divided into groups of two at random, I'm writing with heartfelt sincerity to point out some problems and offer my suggestions.

这是写给外教的一封书信，第一段最后一句中的point out some problems 语言过于直白，有可能冒犯外教，达不到交际的目的。因此，此处可改为“I'm writing to share my thoughts with you and offer some suggestions.”。这样外教读起来更舒服，会愿意倾听写信人的观点，从而做出调整。

2.Hopefully, my suggestions will be adopted.

本句的表达带有汉语表达的痕迹，不符合交际语境。建议信的最后一段通常以“I hope you will take my suggestions into consideration.”结尾，以表达希望对方考虑自己的建议。

总之，要想写好书面表达，我们不仅需要掌握英语文章的写作方法，还需要具备扎实的语言基本功和良好的思维品质和创新能力。写作技能的提高不是一蹴而就的，需要长期的积累和训练。我们要勤于思考，持续练习，努力提升语言能力、思维品质和创新能力，争取在高考中取得佳绩。