张美玲 杨丽 王玉柱 张俊环 姜凤超 于文剑 孙浩元
摘 要:京緋红(Prunus armeniaca L.)杏由晚熟品种串枝红和极早熟品种骆驼黄通过人工杂交育成。果实圆形,果顶凹,缝合线深度中等,两侧果肉较对称;平均单果质量74.5 g,最大单果质量92.6 g。果皮底色橙黄,着中等面积片状红色;果肉橙黄色,汁液、纤维含量中等,果实硬度中等偏硬,味酸甜,略有香气;半离核,苦仁。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.5%,果糖含量0.804%、葡萄糖含量1.50%、蔗糖含量6.14%、苹果酸含量0.795%、柠檬酸含量0.756%。在北京地区,4月上中旬盛花期,花期5~7 d。4月中下旬展叶,11月中下旬落叶,年生育期约210 d。成熟期介于双亲之间,北京地区6月下旬至7月上旬成熟,果实发育期约90 d,大约比串枝红提前1周、晚于骆驼黄3周,可持续采摘2周左右。果实较硬、耐贮运、供应期长。丰产稳产,适应性强,综合性状优良。适宜在北京地区及具有相似气候的地区种植。
关键词:杏;新品种;京绯红;硬肉;耐贮运
中图分类号:S662.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)03-0552-06
Breeding report of a new apricot cultivar Jingfeihong
ZHANG Meiling1, 2, 3, YANG Li1, 2, 3, WANG Yuzhu1, 2, 3, ZHANG Junhuan1, 2, 3, JIANG Fengchao1, 2, 3, YU Wenjian1, 2, 3, SUN Haoyuan1, 2, 3*
(1 Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; 2 Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100093, China; 3 Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100093, China)
Abstract: Jingfeihong (Prunus armeniaca L.) was bred from the cross between Chuanzhihong (late-ripening cultivar) and Luotuohuang (very-early-ripening cultivar) by hybridization. In 2011, about 200 hybrid seeds were obtained through artificial pollination. In 2016, the fruit traits of hybrid fruiting trees were identified. The fruit of Jingfeihong is large with gorgeous appearance. It ripens late and has good fertility. The primary selection code of the single superior tree is H3-41. In 2017, 38 plants were top-grafted and propagated in the breeding nursery of apricot in Tongzhou District of Beijing. From 2018 to 2021, the evaluation of hybrid H3-41 was conducted and the main economic characteristics were good and stable. The fruit maturity stage is between its parents. The fruit flesh is hard and performs better in storage and transportation. This cultivar has long supply period and high yield without obvious disease infection. Four pairs of primers selected by SSR molecular marker technology were used to construct the fingerprints of H3-41. The allelic variation of H3-41 at SSR locus 1 and 3 are heterozygous (189 bp and 221 bp, 172 bp and 179 bp, respectively), and the other two locus 2 and 4 are homozygous (155 bp and 131 bp, respectively), which form its characteristic fingerprint. In April 2023, this cultivar obtained the plant variety rights from the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, formally named Jingfeihong and numbered 20230124. The fruit shape of Jingfeihong is round and symmetry with concave apex and medium seam depth. The average single fruit weight is 74.5 g and the maximum is 92.6 g. The average vertical, horizontal and lateral diameters of Jingfeihong fruit are 5.08 cm, 5.12 cm and 5.16 cm, respectively. The fruit peel is orange in colour and has gorgeous appearance with some flush on the surface. The flesh is orange and hard with medium juice and fiber content. The fruit tastes good with appropriate ratio of sweet to sour flavor and has slight aroma. The fruit has 13.5% soluble solids, 0.804% fructose, 1.50% glucose, 6.14% sucrose, 0.795% malic acid, and 0.756% citric acid contents. Its kernel is half-freestone and bitter. In Tongzhou District of Beijing, the flower bud break starts in mid-March, full blossom happens in early and mid-April and the flowering period lasts approximately 5-7 days. The leaf bud expands in mid to late April and leaves completely fall in mid to late November. The vegetative growth period lasts about 210 days. Jingfeihong fruit ripens in late June to early July and the ripening stage is between its parents, about 1 week earlier than Chuanzhihong (early and middle of July), and 3 weeks later than Luotuohuang (late May to early June). The fruit can continue to be harvested about 2 weeks and the supply period is long. Self-pollination does not produce seeds for Jingfeihong, so pollination trees or artificial pollination are required. The ratio of main cultivars to pollination cultivars is (7-9)∶1. Jingfeihong are planted in Beijing for many years, and no serious cold damage for flower buds and branches has happened. The tree and flower buds have strong resistance to freezing damage in winter and early spring. In other aspects of resistance, no special sensitive diseases and pests have been found, and the yield is high and stable, with strong adaptability and excellent comprehensive characteristics. The fruit flesh is hard and easy to store and transport with long fruit supply period. It would be suitable for cultivation in areas with similar climate to Beijing.
Key words: Apricot; New cultivar; Jingfeihong; Hard flesh; Resistance to storage and transportation
杏果实外观艳丽、风味浓郁、营养丰富,是著名的夏季时令水果[1]。近些年来,中国杏育种工作者根据育种目标,相继培育出一系列杏品种,包括早熟优质杏新品种京香红、京脆红,极早熟杏新品种京骆红[2-3],晚熟品种金硕杏[4]等。但是由于杏果实不耐贮运,难以通过贮藏手段调节市场供应,与苹果等大宗水果相比,杏的供应期短而集中。通过杂交育种技术,选育不同成熟期的杏品种可以有效延长市场供应时间,满足消费需求。
与从国外引进的杏品种如凯特、金太阳相比,中国原产的杏品种外观艳丽、有香气、风味口感更符合国内消费者需求。串枝红(Prunus armeniaca L.)、骆驼黄(P. armeniaca L.)分别为目前主栽的晚熟和极早熟杏品种,串枝红原产河北,极丰产,成熟时果面大面积着红色,果实肉质细、硬、汁液少,较耐贮运,但鲜食口感偏酸;骆驼黄原产北京,味甜,果肉软而多汁,但不耐贮运,在栽培管理措施不到位时产量一般。为此,北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所以硬肉、丰产、抗性强为育种目标开展串枝红与骆驼黄的杂交工作,并已成功获得后代群体,经过多年筛选鉴定,选育出果实较硬、耐贮运、供应期长、综合性状优良的杏品种京绯红。
1 选育经过
京绯红由串枝红×骆驼黄杂交育成。母本为晚熟杏品种串枝红,父本为极早熟杏品种骆驼黄。2011年4月初,采集北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所资源圃内骆驼黄花粉,4 ℃干燥保存;同年4月15日,在延庆新庄堡村的杏园内选择串枝红母树铃铛花期的花蕾去雄、授粉后套纸袋,2周后拆袋。7月中旬果实成熟时采收杂交果,将种核从果实中取出,获得约200粒种子,将种子表面洗净杀菌,在3~5 ℃低温沙藏处理约90 d后,观察种子破壳情况,将陆续萌芽的种子分批播种于营养钵内,放置于温室中培养过冬。2012年4月将幼苗炼苗后移栽至田间,定植于北京平谷区马坊镇的杏杂种圃,共计90多株杂交苗,幼苗株行距1 m×3 m或1 m×4 m,每年进行正常生产管理。
2016年进行杂种实生树果实性状鉴定,代号为H3-41的杂交单株果实晚熟、果个大,外观艳丽、风味浓郁,丰产,初选为优株。2017年在位于通州于家务的杏育种基地进行嫁接繁殖38株,2018年植株结果,经过SSR指纹图谱鉴定及连续4 a(年)(2018—2021年)的果实特性观察及综合性状评价,成熟期介于双亲之间,北京地区6月下旬至7月上旬成熟,果实发育期约90 d,大约比串枝红提前1周、晚于骆驼黄3周,可持续采摘2周左右。果实较硬、耐贮运、供应期长。H3-41丰产稳产,适应性强,综合性状优良。2023年4月获得国家林业和草原局植物新品种权,定名为京绯红(图1),品种权号为20230124。
2 主要性状
2.1 果实经济性状
果实圆形,果顶凹,缝合线深度中等,两侧果肉较对称,最大单果质量92.6 g,平均单果质量74.5 g,果实纵、横、侧径分别为5.08、5.12、5.16 cm;果皮底色橙黄,着中等面积片状红色;果肉橙黄色,汁液、纤维含量中等,果实硬度中等偏硬,味酸甜,略有香气;半离核,苦仁。果肉可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)13.5%、果糖含量0.804%、葡萄糖含量1.50%、蔗糖含量6.14%、苹果酸含量0.795%、柠檬酸含量0.756%。京绯红(H3-41)与亲本串枝红、骆驼黄的主要经济性状见表1。
2.2 植物学特征
京绯红树势中庸,树姿半开张;主干条状纵裂;多年生枝灰褐色,1年生枝紫红色;叶片卵圆形,先端短尾尖,基部钝圆,叶缘双圆锯齿,叶缘起伏中等;叶柄长2.9~4.7 cm,叶片长/叶柄长比值小,叶片长/叶片宽比值中;花单生,花萼筒状,浅紫红色,花瓣白色。
2.3 生长结果习性
京绯红成枝力强,长中短等各类型果枝均可结果,但以短果枝和花束状果枝结果为主,丰产稳产,自交不亲和。在花束状果枝上完全花比例、坐果率均最高。种植地区年平均气温11.5 ℃,平均年降水量约600 mm。嫁接第2年开始结果,第3年每666.7 m2产量为614.6 kg,第4年每666.7 m2产量为1 230.1 kg,第5年进入盛果期,每666.7 m2产量为2 043.9 kg,均高于双亲。正常年份盛果期树每666.7 m2产量可保持在2000 kg左右。京绯红及亲本产量比较见表2。
2.4 物候期
在北京通州地区,京绯红3月中旬花芽萌发,4月上中旬盛花期,花期5~7 d。4月中下旬展葉,11月中下旬落叶,年生育期约210 d。京绯红果实在6月下旬至7月上旬成熟,果实发育期约90 d,成熟期介于双亲串枝红和骆驼黄之间,大约比串枝红(7月上中旬)提前1周、晚于骆驼黄(5月底到6月初)3周(表1),可持续采收2周左右,供应期长,丰产。
2.5 抗逆性与适应性
京绯红适宜种植在背风向阳排水良好的壤土或者壤砂土中,土壤pH值在6~8之间。在北京通州、平谷、海淀地区多年种植,未见严重冻花芽和抽条现象,树体和花芽的抗冬季冻害、早春晚霜能力较强。除极端天气外,京绯红在种植地区产量稳定,未出现大小年现象。其他抗性方面,未发现特殊敏感性病虫害和逆境伤害。适宜在北京及具有相似气候条件的地区种植。
2.6 指纹图谱
利用SSR分子标记技术筛选出的4对引物构建了京绯红(H3-41)与亲本串枝红和骆驼黄的指纹图谱。京绯红(H3-41)在SSR位点1和3的等位变异为杂合,分别为189 bp和221 bp、172 bp和179 bp、另外两个位点2和4为纯合,分别为155 bp、131 bp,构成其特征指纹图谱(图2)。
亲本串枝红在SSR位点2、3、4的等位变异为杂合,分别为150 bp和168 bp、153 bp和176 bp、131 bp和154 bp,在SSR位点1的等位变异为纯合,扩增片段大小为189 bp,这4个位点的等位变异构成其特征指纹图谱;亲本骆驼黄仅在SSR位点4的等位变异为杂合,分别为131 bp和152 bp,在SSR位点1、2、3的等位变异为纯合,扩增片段大小分别为220 bp、150 bp、184 bp,这4个位点的等位变异构成其特征指纹图谱(表3)。
3 栽培技术要点
3.1 建园
京绯红适宜在北京及具有相似气候环境条件的地区种植。园地选择时,应从温度、水分、光照、土壤、地形地势等方面综合考虑。应选择光照充足、地势平整、排水良好的壤砂土地块建园。由于杏树在早春时节开花、结果较早,易发生冻害,因此要避开开花结果阶段易发生霜冻的区域,宜种植在背风向阳地段,必要时在园区周围栽植防护林带。此外,还应注意避免土地“重茬”问题。选用适宜本地区气候、土壤的抗寒、耐盐碱的毛桃或山杏做砧木。春季地温回升,苗木萌芽前进行定植,株行距3 m×4 m或3 m×5 m。定植前土壤深翻并施肥,定植后及时灌水、覆膜保墒,随后根据树形定干。
3.2 整形修剪
树形采用自然圆头形或疏散分层形,及时疏除过密枝,保持通风透光。自然圆头形,干高50 cm左右,无明显中央领导干,全树4~5个主枝,各主枝每间隔40~50 cm留一个侧枝,侧枝分布均匀,侧枝上着生结果枝组。疏散分层形,干高40~60 cm,树高3.5 m左右,有中央领导干。第一层3~4个主枝,第二层2~3个主枝,第三层1~2个主枝。层间距60~80 cm,层内距20~30 cm。第一层主枝上培养侧枝,侧枝上着生结果枝组。日常管理中主要进行冬剪和夏剪,冬季修剪需要在休眠期进行,夏季修剪在生长季进行。其他可以就具体需求进行灵活把握。幼树以培养树形为主,培养结果枝组,促进早结果。盛果期树注意疏除竞争枝、过密枝,同时调节营养枝和结果枝的比例,保持稳产。
3.3 花果管理
京绯红自花不实,需配置授粉树或人工授粉。授粉树需要选择同一果园内要花粉量大、花期一致、亲和性好的2~3个杏品种,如金宇、银白杏、葫芦杏等。主栽品种和授粉品种配置比例为(7~9)∶1。可以在盛花初期采用人工点授或者喷雾授粉等人工授粉方法。树体和花芽抗寒力均较强,但为防止早春极端天气造成的危害,在花期和幼果初期仍需随时关注气温变化,及时采取防护措施。幼果期若结果量较大或较密,可适当疏果,疏果时期可在花后20~30 d进行,在无冻害情况下,长果枝可以保留5~6个果,中果枝可以保留3~4个果,短果枝及花束状果枝保留1~2个果,可大幅度提高单果质量,防止大小年。
3.4 肥水管理
定植时施有机肥,生长期间注意及时除草,每年或者隔年施有机肥。结果期及雨季注意排水。秋季施基肥以农家肥、有机肥为主,每666.7 m2施肥量1500~2500 kg。施肥时间为秋季落叶前后至土壤上冻前。可采用开沟施肥的方法,施肥沟深30~40 cm,宽30~40 cm,将表土与肥料混合均匀施入沟内,再用底土覆盖。施肥后全园浇一次水。新梢生长期追肥以氮肥为主,可适当配合磷肥和钾肥,花芽分化期和开花期以磷肥为主,促进成花,果实成熟期以钾肥为主,每666.7 m2施肥量为10~20 kg,可以根据实际情况酌情增减。水分管理要注意把握关键时期,在萌芽前、硬核期、果实膨大前期进行灌水以满足树体生长需要,在施基肥后和土壤上冻前浇一次封冻水。雨季要注意排水,防止涝害对树根的影响。为保证品质,采收前2周左右不宜浇水。
3.5 病虫害防治
抗性较强,无明显易感病虫害。主要做好常规预防工作。休眠期、早春萌芽前、开花后、结果期等为重点预防时期。在休眠期,配合冬剪,及时去除病虫枝组,并集中处理消毒。冬季清园后、春季萌芽前,对全园树体进行一次石硫合剂(5 °Bé)的喷施,清除越冬若虫。开花结果及生长季主要预防和控制蚜虫、桃红颈天牛、杏仁蜂、流胶病等病虫害。提倡采用物理防治和生物防治相结合的防治方法。
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