树形对促早栽培桃冠层结构、光合特性及果实品质的影响

2024-04-30 19:08张红欢杨兴旺冀晓昊王莹莹时梦王小龙王志强张丽霞王孝娣
果树学报 2024年3期
关键词:果实品质树形

张红欢 杨兴旺 冀晓昊 王莹莹 时梦 王小龙 王志强 张丽霞 王孝娣

摘    要:【目的】研究不同樹形对促早栽培桃树冠层光照及果实品质的影响,为筛选出适宜桃促早栽培的高光效省力化树形提供理论参考。【方法】以4年生中农早珍珠容器栽培苗为试材,研究主干形、水平中心干多直立主枝形、对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形4种树形对冠层相对光照度、冠层结构、光合日变化和果实品质的影响。【结果】各树形冠层平均相对光照度由高到低依次是对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形、水平中心干多直立主枝形、主干形,对向V形有效光区占比最大,为77.73%。对向V形的光能截获率和叶片一天光合净积累量最高,分别为92.70%和1 768.97 mmol·m-2。对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形的果香型挥发物酯类、内酯类物质及具有花香型香气特性的芳樟醇含量均高于其他2种树形。【结论】对4种树形的11个指标进行主成分分析,综合多方面的因素得出,4种树形的优劣顺序依次为:对向V形、水平中心干多对向V形、主干形、水平中心干多直立主枝形。对向V形综合得分最高,果实品质较好,是比较适宜促早栽培模式下中农早珍珠桃的优良树形。

关键词:桃;中农早珍珠;树形;促早栽培;冠层结构;果实品质

中图分类号:S662.1 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1009-9980(2024)03-0470-11

Effects of tree shape on canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality of early cultivated nectarine

ZHANG Honghuan, YANG Xingwang, JI Xiaohao, WANG Yingying, SHI Meng, WANG Xiaolong, WANG Zhiqiang, ZHANG Lixia, WANG Xiaodi*

(Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xingcheng 125100, Liaoning, China)

Abstract: 【Objective】 Choosing a good tree shape and improve the light distribution in the inner canopy is a common concern of researchers. It is necessary to explore the tree shape with high light efficiency and labor saving. This study examined the effects of different tree shapes on canopy structure and fruit quality of peach cultivated for early production, so as to select suitable tree shapes with high photosynthetic efficiency and labor saving. 【Methods】 Zhongnong Zaozhenzhu is a new early nectarine variety bred from the offspring of Autumn Red Pearl, which is suitable for cultivation in open fields and greenhouses in Huludao and the south area of Liaoning province. The Zhongnong Zaozhenzhu nectarine was taken as the test material, and it was a 4-year container cultivated seeding. The relative light intensity, canopy structure, diurnal variation of photosynthesis and fruit quality were studied in trees with different tree shape including central leader shape (CL), guyot trellis (GT), opposite V shape (OV), and tatura V trellis (TV). 【Results】 The tree shapes with the average relative light intensity from high to low were OV, TV, GT and CL. The ratio of effective light region in OV was the largest, which was 77.73%. The canopy area with relative light intensity lower than 40% was regarded as low light efficiency area. The proportion of low light efficiency area in OV and GT was significantly lower than that in TV and CL and was 10.75% and 6.10%, respectively, compared with CL. There was a positive correlation between total gap fraction and openness. The total gap fraction and openness of CL and GT were significantly higher than those of OV and TV. Among them, the total gap fraction and openness of the canopy in GT were the largest, 36.21% and 38.09%, respectively. Those in TV were the smallest, being 11.10% and 11.43%, respectively. The trend of leaf area index was opposite to that of total gap fraction and openness. The leaf area index of OV and TV was significantly higher than that of CL and GT. Among the four tree types, OV had the highest light interception rate and daily net photosynthetic accumulation of the leaves, which were 92.70% and 1 768.97 mmol·m-2 respectively. In the upper, middle and lower layers of the canopy, the single fruit weight in OV was significantly higher than that of the other tree shapes. The content of soluble solids in fruit of the upper and middle canopy in OV was significantly higher than that in the other tree shapes. The content of soluble solids content in the lower layer of TV was significantly higher than that in other tree shapes. The titrable acid content in upper and middle canopy fruit in OV was significantly higher than that in the other tree shapes. No lactones were detected in CL and GT. The highest content of lactones was detected in OV (52.42 ng·g-1). The content of esters detected in OV was 8.6 times and 10.1 times of that in CL and GT, respectively. The content of esters detected in TV was 4.7 times and 5.5 times of that in CL and GT, respectively. The contents of esters and lactones were higher in OV and TV. The content of linalool with flower-like aroma was higher in OV and TV. 【Conclusion】 Principal component analysis was carried out on the 11 indicators of 4 tree shapes, and 3 principal components were extracted. The cumulative variance contribution rate reached 87.759%, and the corresponding variance contribution rate was 61.899%, 16.269% and 9.591% respectively, which basically represented the majority of information of all indicators. The 11 indexes were thus selected for principal component analysis. The results showed that the score in the order from high to low was OV>TV>CL>GT. The opposite V shape had the highest comprehensive score and the fruit quality was the best. It is an excellent tree shape for promoting early cultivation of early nectarine varieties.

Key words: Peach; Zhongnong Zaozhenzhu; Tree shapes; Early budding culture in protected cultivation; Canopy structure; Fruit quality

据FAO统计,2021年全球桃树种植面积为150.47万hm2,产量为2 499.44万t,我国桃树种植面积达82.50万hm2,产量达到1 601.65万t,在全球比重分别为54.83%、64.08%,均位列全球第一,我国桃产业总产值近千亿元,是助推乡村产业兴旺、农民生活富裕的重要经济支柱[1]。树形结构影响桃果實产量、品质及经济效益,是制定栽培管理措施的重要因素[2-3]。桃树常见的树形有自然开心形、主干形、Y字形等,生产中存在修剪操作复杂、树体高大、内膛光照不良、结果部位外移等问题,无法满足生产者的需求。如何选择合适的树形,改善和提高树冠内层光分布,是科研工作者普遍关注的问题,因此有必要对高光效、省力化、轻简宜机树形进行探索研究[4-5]。

中农早珍珠是从秋红珠的实生后代中选育出的早熟油桃新品种,平均单果质量72.9 g,可溶性固形物含量14.1%,风味浓甜,深受消费者喜爱[6]。笔者以促早栽培的中农早珍珠为研究对象,通过研究主干形、水平中心干多直立主枝形[7]、对向V形[8]、水平中心干多对向V形[9]4种树形对树体冠层结构、光合作用和果实品质等指标的影响,筛选设施促早栽培中农早珍珠适宜的高光效省力化树形,为高效优质栽培提供理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料

试验于2023年1—6月在中国农业科学院果树研究所砬山试验基地进行。供试品种为4年生容器栽培桃中农早珍珠,容器栽培选用圆形塑料种植盆,高28 cm,直径43 cm,试材摆放深度为23 cm,于2021年上半年完成树形培养,树形采用主干形(A)、水平中心干多直立主枝形(B)、对向V形(C)、水平中心干多对向V形(D),树形示意图见图1。

1.2 试验设计

试验设置4种树形行株距均为2 m×1 m,南北行向,单株小区,3次重复。A树高2 m,定干高度(第一结果枝距种植盆内地上部分与地下部分交界处)40 cm,东西冠幅175 cm,南北冠幅100 cm。B树高2.5 m,定干高度65 cm,东西冠幅140 cm,直立主枝间距50 cm,行向留结果枝。C树高1.5 m,定干高度90 cm,东西冠幅200 cm,南北冠幅140 cm,两主干枝夹角为90°~100°。D树高1.5 m,定干高度80 cm,东西冠幅190 cm,南北冠幅130 cm,两主干枝夹角为90°~100°。

选取长势基本一致的树体作为试材,应用冠层分格方法[10-11],结合不同树形具体的树体结构参数,将A树冠垂直方向上划分为下层(距地面小于0.8 m)、中层(距地面0.8~1.3 m)、上层(距地面大于1.3 m),在水平方向上东西距主干距离划分为0.3 m、0.6 m、0.9 m,南北距主干距离划分为0.2 m、0.4 m、0.6 m。将B树冠垂直方向上划分为下层(距地面小于1.3 m)、中层(距地面1.3~1.9 m)、上层(距地面大于1.9 m),在水平方向上东西距主干距离划分为0.3 m、0.6 m、0.9 m,南北距主干距离划分为0.25 m、0.50 m、0.75 m。将C树冠垂直方向上划分为下层(距地面小于1.1 m)、中层(距地面1.1~1.3 m)、上层(距地面大于1.3 m),在水平方向上东西距主干距离划分为0.3 m、0.6 m、0.9 m,南北距主干距离划分为0.2 m、0.4 m、0.6 m。将D树冠垂直方向上划分为下层(距地面小于1.0 m)、中层(距地面1.0~1.2 m)、上层(距地面大于1.2 m),在水平方向上东西距主干距离划分为0.3 m、0.6 m、0.9 m,南北距主干距离划分为0.2 m、0.4 m、0.6 m。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 冠层指标测定 应用冠层分格法,于叶幕形成期,选择典型的晴天,用TSE-1332型数字式照度计,测定树冠内不同层次、不同方位的相对光照度值,在距地面2.5 m、距墙体3 m、行间无遮挡的地方测量空白值,连续测定3 d,每次的测量时间为10:00、14:00,以测量数据平均值作为不同层次不同部位的相对光照度值[12]。统计树冠不同层次方格空间的相对光照度。

在叶幕稳定期,选择阴天或者傍晚,利用冠层/半球影像分析系统(scanopy analysis with fish-eye imaging)测定各树形冠层的总孔隙度、开度、叶面积指数和叶幕光能截获率[冠层总辐射(total over per day,PPFD,mol·m-2·d-1)和叶幕下总辐射(total under per day,PPFD,mol·m-2·d-1)的差值与冠层总辐射的比值][13]。

1.3.2 光合性能测定 2023年5月中旬,选择典型的晴天,06:30至18:30每隔3 h进行1次田间测定,选取试材东南方向、外围枝条的成熟叶片,使用CIRAS-2光合仪测定叶片的净光合速率(Pn)。不同树形叶片一天光合的净积累量计算方法:用origin求曲线积分面积。

1.3.3 果实品质指标测定 在果实成熟期从各个处理每株树的3层各随机均匀摘选果形端正、无病虫害的10个果实,带回实验室测定果实品质。采用BL-500S型电子天平称量单果质量;采用CR-400手持色差计测定阴阳果面色差;采用折光仪(PAL-1,日本)测定可溶性固形物含量;采用全自动电位滴定仪(905,瑞士万通公司)测定可滴定酸含量;采用物性分析仪(TA. HD. Plus,英国)测定果肉硬度;采用钼蓝比色法测定果实维生素C含量。3次重复,计算平均值。

采用固相微萃取结合气相质谱联用仪测定香气组分和含量,具体方法参照Ji等[14]的报道。称取200 g样品进行匀浆,称取5 g匀浆于20 mL气相顶空瓶中,加入1 g氯化钠和5 μL 2-辛醇(0.812 g·L-1),压盖器密封,-80 ℃保存待测。样品瓶40 ℃水浴恒温平衡10 min,将 Supelco 50/30 μm PDMS/CAR/DVB固相微萃取头插入样品瓶顶空部分,40 ℃水浴30 min萃取香气组分;Agilent 7890A-5975C气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定香气组分。数据分析使用系统自带的色谱工作站,积分参数为初始面积截除10 000,初始峰宽0.1,肩峰检测OFF,初始阈值5.0;谱库选择NIST11标准谱库;采用2-辛醇内标法对香气成分进行定量分析。

1.4 数据处理

采用Excel 2021软件整理试验数据,采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析及主成分分析,采用Excel 2021软件及Matlab软件绘图。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同树形对中农早珍珠油桃树体冠层及光照的影响

2.1.1 相对光照度立体分布 不同树形处理下,中农早珍珠油桃树体冠层光照分布存在较大差异。从图2可以看出,A、B冠层内相对光照度分布总趋势是由外到内、由上到下递减,C、D树体上、下层相对光照度分布较均匀,中层的相对光照度分布由外到内递增。

统计各树体冠层不同区域相对光照度,由表1可知,平均相对光照度由高到低的树形依次是C(62.70%)、D(61.67%)、B(60.78%)、A(56.54%)。相对光照度低于40%的冠层区域属于低光效区域[12]。C、D的低光效区比例显著低于A、B的低光效区比例,且与A相比分别降低了10.75、6.10个百分点。在所有处理中,C相对光照度大于40%的区域占比最大,为77.73%,显著高于其他3个树形。

2.1.2 冠层特征参数 从表2可以看出,总孔隙度与开度呈正相关,A、B的总孔隙度与开度显著高于C、D,其中,B的总孔隙度、开度均为最大,分别是36.21%、38.09%;D最小,分别是11.10%、11.43%。叶面积指数与总孔隙度和开度趋势相反,C、D的叶面积指数显著高于A、B。数据表明,树体叶面积指数越大,结构越紧凑,光能截获率越高,C、D的光能截获率高于其他两种树形,分别为92.70%、90.83%。

2.2 不同树形中农早珍珠光合性能比较

由图3、图4、图5可知,4种树形的净光合速率日变化均呈单峰曲线。在树体上、中层,C、D的净光合速率在一天中的大部分时间段均高于A、B。在树体下层,4种树形的净光合速率在12:30时达到峰值,此时净光合速率由高到低依次为C>D>B>A,分别为20.65、18.38、15.95、15.60 μmol·m-2·s-1。由表3可知,整体上看,C树形叶片一天光合的净积累量显著高于其他3种树形,为1 768.97 mmol·m-2。

2.3 不同树形中农早珍珠果实产量与品质比较

4种树形的果实产量比较接近,其中B、D树形的果实产量略高于A树形的果实产量(表4)。由图6可知,在树体上层、中层、下层,C的单果质量均显著高于其他树形(D树形下层除外),B、C两种树形不同部位果实的单果质量自上而下呈现略微下降的趋势,A、D两种树形均以中层的单果质量最小。A、B两种树形果实的果肉硬度显著高于C、D。由图7可知,C在上、中层的可溶性固形物含量显著高于其他树形,D在下层的可溶性固形物含量显著高于其他树形。C在上、中层的可滴定酸含量显著高于其他树形(A树形上层除外),在下层,A、D、B的可滴定酸含量较接近,均显著高于C树形。由图8可知,4种树形的上层果实维生素C含量差异显著,A最高,D最低;在树体总体中,B、C、A、D的维生素C含量依次降低。

由表5可以看出,不同树形处理之间的果面亮度L*无显著差异。在树体上层、下层中,各处理之间的红绿色差a*无显著差异,在中层,B、C、D、A的红绿色差a*逐渐下降。在树体上层、下层中,各处理之间的黄蓝色差b*无显著差异,在中层,C、D、B、A的黄蓝色差b*逐渐上升。在不同树形处理中,C的果实色彩饱和度C*最低。在树体上层、下层中,各处理之间的果实色调角H°无显著差异,在中层,A的果实色调角H°显著高于其他树形。从树整体来看,4种树形的果面亮度L*、黄蓝色差b*、果实色调角H°无显著差异,B和C树形的红绿色差a*、果实色彩饱和度C*呈显著差异。

由表6可以看出,中農早珍珠桃香气物质主要是一些醇类、萜类、醛类、酯类、内酯类、酮类物质。A树形果实的醛类物质含量分别是C、D的8.4倍、4.3倍,B树形果实的醛类物质含量分别是C、D的11.5倍、5.8倍。数据表明,A、B未检测到内酯类物质,C树形果实的内酯类物质含量(w,后同)最高,为52.42 ng·g-1。C树形果实的酯类物质含量分别是A、B的8.6倍、10.1倍,D树形果实的酯类物质含量分别是A、B的4.7倍、5.5倍。芳樟醇为桃果实的主要呈味物质之一,它具有花香型香气特性。A、B未检测到芳樟醇,C、D树形果实的芳樟醇含量分别为60.89、74.86 ng·g-1。苯甲醛具有苦味,C、D树形果实的苯甲醛含量比主干形分别减少了48%、69%。γ-癸内酯和δ-癸内酯是桃果实中最重要的内酯,它们能赋予桃果实强烈的果香气息,A、B未检测到这2种内酯类物质。乙酸己酯是桃果实香气的主要贡献成分,C树形果实的乙酸己酯含量最高,为928.77 ng·g-1。

2.4 主成分分析及综合评价

主成分分析是通过降维的方式,将多个变量简化为少数的几个综合变量,使现有的几个少数综合变量可以直接反映原来变量的信息[15]。对4种树形的11个指标进行主成分分析(表7),提取了3个主成分,累积方差贡献率达87.759%,对应的方差贡献率分别为61.899%、16.269%、9.591%,基本能够代表所有指标的绝大部分信息。

将原始数据标准化,将各主成分相应的因子得分乘以相应方差的算术平方根,计算出综合评价得分值,各得分值与相应特征值的方差贡献率的乘积累加,得出不同树形的综合评价指数[16]。如表8所示,综合树体相对光照度、冠层特征参数、果实品质几个方面的因素,得出4种树形的优劣顺序依次为:C、D、A、B。

3 讨 论

适宜的树体结构有利于冠层透光率的提高,树冠内的光照分布状况会直接影响果实品质,果实品质的提高是获得最大经济效益的关键,是果树栽植和整形的出发点和落脚点[10,17]。笔者比较了4种树形不同层次的相对光照度和果实品质,C、D、B、A的平均相对光照度依次降低,C、D的低光效区比例显著低于A、B的低光效区比例。在树体上、中、下3层中,除D树形下层外,C的单果质量均显著高于其他树形,B、C两种树形不同部位果实的单果质量自上而下呈现略微下降的趋势,与相对光照度呈正相关,说明光照度会影响树体的光合能力以及光合产物向果实的运转分配,进而影响单果质量,这与刘丽等[2]在中油20号桃上的研究结果一致。研究表明,果实品质与光照度有关,光照度高,光照分布均匀,叶片可以更好地进行光合作用,一定程度上促进优质果的生产[18-19]。果实品质受土壤养分、当地气候条件、果园地理位置等多种因素影响[20],笔者仅对不同树形果实品质进行了初步研究,还需进一步探索。

总孔隙度、开度、叶面积指数是表征植被冠层结构的重要参数,与光能截获及利用、果实产量和品质的形成等过程密切相关[13,21]。总孔隙度与开度呈正相关,二者对光能截获率存在直接影响,叶面积指数越大,树体结构越紧凑,光能截获率越高,光能浪费越少。在本研究中,C和D的总孔隙度、开度显著低于其他树形,叶面积指数均高于其他树形,两者的光能截获率均高于90%,且高于A、B的光能截获率。C、D为单层叶幕,未出现树体郁闭现象。

香气作为重要的次生代谢产物,赋予了果实独特的风味品质,是果实重要的内在品质特征之一[22]。本研究中检测到的香气物质主要是醇类、萜类、醛类、酮类、酯类和内酯类物质[23-25],乙酸己酯是桃果实香气的主要贡献成分,C树形果实的乙酸己酯含量最高。C、D均提高了果实中酯类和内酯类物质的含量,降低了醇类物质的含量,促进了果实香气由清香型向果香型转变。以上结果表明,通过整形修剪这一栽培管理措施影响树体透光情况及光能分布、果实的生长发育,可以间接影响果实香气物质成分与含量[26-28]。

4 结 论

C冠层平均相对光照度最高,有效光照区域所占比例最高,光能截获率最高,叶片一天光合的净积累量最高。C、D两种树形的果香型挥发物酯类、内酯类物质含量较高,检测到的具有花香型香气特性的芳樟醇含量较高。C综合得分最高,果实品质整体较好,是比较适宜促早栽培模式下中农早珍珠桃的优良树形。

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