风景园林的过程与知识

人类和自然的力量始终在相互作用，共同改善环境，创造具有美感和精神共鸣的空间。人们很早就在住宅周围种植果树，修建鱼塘，营造花园，并开垦土地、引水灌溉，创造出丰富多彩的农业景观。随着时间的推移，生产方式从粗放向精细转变，人们需要更为深入地介入到自然运行中，通过设计和改造土地，使之更适宜于生产和生活，并不断向外拓展。当达到一定规模时，人们开始思考如何改进土地管理制度，制定土地规划，以确保资源的合理利用。随着生产力的提升和人口的增加，城市频繁地出现，更多的城内外的园林和风景营建，与农田、水网、山林相互融合，共同塑造了国土景观和美好的生活境域。

自然是一个复杂的系统，不仅有山水，还有经人工种植形成的农业景观、花园，它们虽然在空间上有所分隔，但在人们的认知中却是紧密相连的。我们生活在这样一个跨尺度的“自然系统”之中，随着时代的发展和文明的进步，人工与自然的互动不断演变，人们以不同的文化视角从生态环境中汲取灵感，推动社会持续向前发展。

城市化给耕地带来了复杂多变的影响，土地管理和生态过程都发生了显著变化。自工业革命以来，风景园林作为一门沿袭传统的新兴专业，其知识体系不断演进并适应城市扩张的步伐。从城市公园、绿地系统，到城市周边和保护地，风景园林专业的工作范围不断拓展。如今，全球城镇化进程在加速，保护地相对呈现破碎化，耕地不断减少，城市开始成片集中为城市群，同时，规划设计与营建技术也在快速迭代，这要求我们不断适应不同时代、不同技术发展所带来的需求和挑战，更加关注城市化进程与自然生态之间的关系，这是风景园林不断解决时代问题的职业使命。同样，无论时代如何变迁，风景园林都应在治理生态系统、解决城市问题和助力乡村建设之后赋予土地人文美感和诗意。

风景园林既连接着城市，又与自然相融，协调着两者之间的关系。从城市街区到城市群，从植物群落到城市绿地系统，再到区域与国土生态空间，我们必须认识到风景园林具有的跨越尺度的系统性，在掌握自然科学的同时，更多地强调人文和艺术的重要性。这便揭示了塑造景观所具有的更深层次的含义和价值。因此，我们必须坚持美学意识，在持续认识和利用自然的过程中不断更新风景园林的理论、实践与方法。风景园林专业的技术科学包含了工程建造的技术，也涉及数字化、智能化的发展。当前技术的变革为未来发展提供了更多的可能性，风景园林正是在这样的系统中不断构建着自身的知识体系，在规划设计与工程技术的支撑下打造自然与人文交织的景观系统。

风景园林具有深厚的能力来塑造我们的环境，唤起自然与社会之间的和谐。它植根于历史，受到现实需求的驱使，并在不断发展的过程中持续创新。未来，风景园林将继续在塑造国土景观、建成环境和提高人们生活质量方面发挥至关重要的作用。面对城市化、气候变化和资源枯竭等挑战，风景园林需要整合生态原则，拥抱技术迭代，提出解决方案，应对城市化和乡村更新的挑战，创造可持续的、韧性的、与自然和谐相处的美丽国土。

Process and Knowledge of Landscape Architecture

The forces of man and nat ure have always been engaged with each other interacted, improving the environment jointly, while forging spaces for aesthetic and spir itual resonance.In v ery early times, humans began to plant fruit trees, build.sh ponds and create gardens around their homes; and they also reclaimed land and drained water for irrigation, thus forming colorful agricultural landscapes.Over years, with production methods shifting from extensive to intensive patterns, humans ha ve to intervene deeply in t he operation of nature.By designing and t ransforming lands, we have made them more suitable for produc tion and li ving, while continuing to expand them outward.When a c ertain scale was approached, we began to think about how to improve the land manag ement system and formulate proper land plans, so as to guarantee a rational utilization of resources.With hiking productivity and au gmented population, cities appeared one after another, inside and outside which some gardens and landscapes were constructed.Coalescence of farm lands, water networks, mountains and forests has shaped the territorial landscapes and created niches for good livelihood.

Nature is a complex system.No t only natural scenes, but also man-cultured agricultural landscapes, and gardens, although spatially separated, they are closely interconnected in human’s cognition.We are just li ving in suc h a “natural system”.And suc h man-nature interaction evolves continuously with the development of time and the progress in civilization.By drawing inspiration from different cultural perspectives and ecological environments, people drive the society to keep on moving forward.

Urbanization has delivered complex and v ariable impacts on farmland, with significant changes occurring in land manag ement and ecological processes.Since the Industrial Revolution, landscape architecture has, as an emerging profession following tradition, evolved its domain of knowledge to adapt to the pace of urban expansion.Its function scope has kept expanding from urban parks to green space systems and t o urban pe rimeters and ne ighboring protected areas.Nowadays, as urbanization is a ccelerated globally, protected areas are getting relatively fragmented and farmlands are decreasing, while cities are getting concentrated into urban agglomeration and technologies are iterated rapidly.This development requires us to constantly adapt to the demands and challenges brought about by different times and technological advances.Accordingly, more attention should be paid to the relationship between the urbanization process and the natural ecology; this task is the pr ofessional mission of landscape ar chitects to continuously solve the pr oblems of the cur rent days.Similarly,no matter how the times change, landscape architecture should endow the land s urface with humanistic aesthetics and poe try after governing ecosystems, solving urban problems and e mpowering rural construction.

Both making connection to cities a nd blending with nature,landscape architecture is ha rmonizing the relationship between cities and nature.We shall be aware of the scale-spanning systemic feature of landscape architecture, from city blocks to urban agglomeration,from plant communities to urban green space systems, and from regions to territorial ecological spaces.While mastering the natural sciences, we shall place greater emphasis on the importance of humanities and ar ts.These understandings reveal the in-de pth meanings and values of the landscapes they have been shaped.Therefore, it is necessar y to insist on aesthet ics awareness, so as to constantly update the theor ies, practices and methodologies of landscape architecture in t he process of ongoing cognition and utilization of nature.The technical science for landscape architecture encompasses the technology of engineering and c onstruction,while involving the development of digitalization and intelligence.Nowadays, technological changes are providing more possibilities for the future.It is in suc h a cir cumstances that landscape ar chitecture has been continuously coining its o wn knowledge system, cr eating the intertwined landscape system of nature and humanit y with the support of planning, design and engineering technology.

Landscape architecture has a p rofound ability to shape our environment and evoke harmony between nature and society.Rooted in history and driven by real-world needs, it ma kes continuous innovation for an e ver-evolving future.In pros pect, landscape architecture will still play a vit al role in shaping t erritorial landscapes,built environments and improving the quality of human’s lives.Facing such challenges as ur banization, climate c hange and r esource depletion, landscape ar chitecture is r equired to integ rate ecological principles, embrace technological transitions and propose solutions to meet the challenges of urbanization and rural renewal, so as to realize a sustainable, resilient and gorgeous territory in harmony with nature.

Editor-in-Chief: ZHENG Xi

March 5, 2024