可持续发展教育——图书馆的责任

潘雅茵（Priscilla Pun）：国际图书馆协会与机构联合会（International Federation of library Associations and Institutions， IFLA，以下简称“国际图联”）环境、可持续发展和图书馆专业组（Environment， Sustainability and Libraries Section，ENSULIB）秘书，曾任ENSULIB信息协调员（2021—2023年），澳门大学图书馆技术服务组事务主管。

佩特拉·豪克博士（Dr.Petra Hauke）：国际图联环境、可持续发展和图书馆专业组导师，曾任ENSULIB秘书（2021—2023年），德国柏林洪堡大学（Humboldt-Universit?t zu Berlin）图书情报学学院讲师，奥地利图书馆协会（Austrian Library Association）教育项目讲师，德语区“绿色图书馆网络”创始成员之一。2021年被授予国际图联特别鸣谢奖（IFLA Scroll of Appreciation）。

潘雅茵：请您谈谈对图书馆可持续发展内涵的理解？您认为这一概念是如何演变的？外部环境，比如技术，对图书馆和可持续发展有何影响？

豪克：根据《图书馆学情报学在线词典》（Online Dictionary For Library and Information Science， ODLIS）中的定义，“绿色图书馆”与“可持续图书馆”是同义词。可持续图书馆被定义为“通过精心选择地点、使用自然建筑材料和可生物降解产品、节约资源（水、能源、纸张）以及负责任的废物处理（回收等）来最大限度地减少对自然环境的负面影响，并确保室内环境质量达到最佳水平”[1]。然而，“绿色图书馆”或“可持续图书馆”这些术语不应仅限于建筑方面。绿色和可持续图书馆还应关注所有符合《变革我们的世界——2030年可持续发展议程》（以下简称《2030年议程》的与可持续性相关的服务、活动、事件、文献和项目，展现图书馆作为可持续发展教育（Education for Sustainable Development， ESD）领域领导者的社会角色和责任[2]。

这种更广泛的视角衍生出了对“什么是绿色图书馆？”的另一种定义，这一定义受《2030年议程》及其可持续发展目标[3]的启发，由ENSULIB在2022年升级成为专业组时正式发布。目前，这项定义已经被世界上多个国家所采用，并被翻译成了32种语言：“绿色可持续图书馆是一个考虑到环境、经济和社会可持续性的图书馆。绿色可持续图书馆可以是任何规模，但它们应该有一个明确的可持续发展纲领，其中包括：

绿色建筑和设备：积极减少建筑和设备的排放物或碳足迹。

绿色办公室原则：实行符合环境可持续性的营运常规与程序。

可持续的经济：消费严谨、发展循环与共享经济实践，让社区易于理解与运用。

可持续的图书馆服务：图书馆拥有具正面意义的碳手印。透过有效率的營运给予使用者方便获取持续更新的切题信息的渠道，并提供共享空间、设备及环境教育机会。

社会可持续性：图书馆积极致力于减少社会的不平等。将良好的教育、素养、社区交流、跨文化多元性、社会包容及总体参与度纳入服务考虑。

环境管理：环境的目标是具体的（SMART - Specific）、可衡量的（Measurable） 、可实现的（Achievable）、实际的（Realistic）和有时限的（Timebound）。图书馆除了降低自身对环境的负面影响，也将其环境政策及相关环境作业的实施和成果传达给更广泛的大众。

对总体环境目标和计划的承诺：承诺以联合国可持续发展目标及《巴黎气候协议》等相关的环境认证和计划为导向。”①

图书馆总是能快速利用技术优势谋求自身发展。仅举几例，比如提供数字媒体服务，采取“数字优先”战略，都可以被视为深具民主性的举措。通过这样的方式，图书馆能够通过互联网接触那些无法亲临图书馆的用户，从而实现《2030年议程》中提出的减少社会和性别不平等的目标。

潘雅茵：您是ENSULIB的创始人之一，国际图联的绿色图书馆奖是ENSULIB的一个重要项目，您能从您的角度谈谈这个奖项吗？

豪克：国际图联的绿色图书馆奖由ENSULIB（当时还是特别兴趣小组）于2015年设立。正是得益于该项目的成功，ENSULIB才在2021年正式升级成为国际图联的一个专业组[4]。该奖项从设立之初就得到了德国德古意特·绍尔（De Gruyter Saur）[5]出版社的慷慨赞助。

国际图联绿色图书馆奖旨在实现以下目标[6]：

表彰最杰出的绿色图书馆，传达图书馆对环境可持续性的承诺；

提高社会对图书馆社会责任和在环境教育中领导作用的认识，鼓励各类型图书馆参与其中；

支持全球绿色图书馆运动，关注环境可持续性建筑、环境可持续性信息资源和规划、资源和能源保护；

推动本地和全球绿色图书馆项目的发展；

鼓励绿色图书馆积极向全球展示他们的活动。

根据《国际图联战略框架2019—2024》“1.1展示图书馆在实现可持续发展目标方面的力量”的要求②，该奖项旨在通过强调图书馆和图书馆员在推动可持续标准建设和促进专业实践中的专业角色，来推进图书馆行业的发展。该奖项设置了两个类别：

类别1：最佳绿色图书馆/大规模项目

类别2：最佳绿色图书馆项目

那些小投入大产出的项目也可能会得到特别的认可。

国际图联的绿色图书馆奖从2016年开始作为年度奖项颁发。每年都会收到来自世界各地的50余份申请。评审工作由ENSULIB评审委员会负责，该委员会由来自公共图书馆和学术图书馆的图书情报领域专业人士以及来自不同国家和大洲的建筑领域专家组成。除了评选出最佳项目外，还会提名最多五个图书馆的短名单，以表彰他们的杰出工作。

绿色图书馆奖让图书馆有机会向全球公众展示其符合《2030年议程》精神的可持续项目。这些项目不仅能够作为最佳实践激励其他图书馆效仿，也展现了图书馆在实现联合国可持续发展目标方面的重要贡献。历届获奖者都会在国际图联绿色图书馆奖的网站[7]上予以公布，其中也有来自中国的项目。

潘雅茵：您是如何看待图书馆作为可持续发展教育者的角色的？图书馆在这方面可以做些什么？您能结合德国图书馆的实践谈谈这个问题吗？

豪克：在关于可持续发展教育的教育领域政策文件中，图书馆并未明确地被视为一个重要角色。然而，已经有许多实例可以表明他们早已积极参与其中。作为面向社区所有人开放的教育机构，图书馆能够触及最广泛的人群。尤其是那些自我定位为“绿色图书馆”的机构，不仅积极将自身的负面生态“足迹”降至最低，还致力于成为可持续发展的“示范者、教育者和推动者”[8]，并将可持续发展教育作为图书馆工作的重要指导方针。

联合国教育、科学及文化组织的“2030年可持续发展教育”计划超越了提供相关媒体或将图书馆活动纳入17个可持续发展目标（Sustainable development through global parterships， SDG）或信息活动的范畴，其最终目标是赋予负责任的行动技能，让人们具备“知识、技能、价值观和态度”，成为变革的推动者[9]。图书馆在可持续发展方面有着多方面的承诺，早已为实现更进一步的目标做好了充分准备。如果图书馆将自己的“核心业务”视为提供教育，那就不仅仅是“阅读的推广”。因为“教育”的实现方式多种多样，尤其是绿色图书馆，可以通过适当的可持续发展教育项目，不仅吸引阅读爱好者，还能吸引非阅读人群。除了相关信息活动，通过“创客空间”、城市园艺项目、声援粮食节约运动、修缮咖啡馆、种子图书馆、“物品图书馆”等项目，“在行动中学习”也能得以实现。最后，图书馆可以通过与民间社会合作，如可持续发展目标17“促进目标实现的伙伴关系”中提及的，甚至将其作为实现目标的前提条件。

谈到德国图书馆的实践，德国图书馆协会（Deutscher Bibliotheksverband， dbv）明确表示，作为信息、知识和可持续行动机构，图书馆对所有SDG17[10]都作出了重要贡献。协会以“图书馆与可持续发展”为主题，组织了七场单场时长90分钟的在线研讨会[11]，展示了图书馆的承诺和实践。他们分享了各自的图书馆是如何具体实施可持续发展主题并向公民传达这一理念的，同时探讨了在图书馆可持续发展问题上文化政策应扮演怎样的角色。

2023年1月，德国联邦教育与研究部（Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung， BMBF）启动了一项新的活动，旨在更清晰地呈现可持续发展和利益相关者的相关性。萨克森州莱比锡公共图书馆（Leipziger St?dtische Bibliothken）[12]作为利益相关者作了精彩的展示。该图书馆馆长明确表示，图书馆是进行可持续发展教育的理想场所，可持续发展教育不应被视为图书馆的“附加项目”，而应融入图书馆的所有领域和活动中，成为一种态度和追求。从她的角度来看，建立关系网络是这一背景下最重要的问题。图书馆应成为人们构建关系网络的平台。例如，图书馆可以提供创新和创意活动的场所，供市民、协会和倡议者组织设计自己的项目，尝试、分享想法，甚至为自己的项目寻找合作伙伴。

潘雅茵：您认为图书馆在可持续发展方面面临的最大挑战是什么？我们应该如何应对？是否有必要推动可持续发展的国际合作？在这方面我们能做些什么？

豪克：目前，所有的图书馆都正处于根本性的变革过程中，而可持续性则是这些变革的核心。数字化的知识和信息社会是产生这些变革的主要因素。越来越多的人不再通过书籍，而是通过互联网来满足其信息需求。挑战在于，获取新闻和信息的途径多种多样，然而，许多人缺乏对新闻和信息的辨别力，容易成为虚假信息的受害者。在某些国家，甚至政府都在传播虚假新闻，这不仅在这些国家内部，甚至在全球范围内都造成了对信任的系统性破坏，引发和煽动了冲突，这是图书馆面临的最大挑战。图书馆需要积极、明确地与虚假信息进行斗争，同时将自己定位为社区中可持续的、值得信赖的机构。

然而以上并非全部。为了实现可持续性，有必要对图书馆进行全面的变革。公共图书馆对这种变化的感受尤为强烈。例如，图书借阅量（电子书除外）正在缓慢但持续下降。图书馆的访问和使用方式也在不断发生变化。它们正在从安静和被动的场所转变为充满活力的公民社会和社区空间。它们关注对逗留在这一空间中人群的服务质量，致力于成为值得信赖的“第三空间”或“城市客厅”。另一方面，要让图书馆建筑和数字基础设施能长期应对（不仅是一次性投资）气候变化以及迅速而持续的技术发展，将是一项重大挑战。因此，长期规划（而不随时作出调整）几乎是不可能的。同时，需要对所有传统的图书馆工作流程进行审查，以确保其可持续性，并在必要时进行调整，以适应全面的可持续发展战略，这必将导致图书馆运行、员工和用户方面的重大变革。

毫无疑问，推动可持续发展的国际合作是绝对必要的。SDG17明確提出：“加强执行手段，重振可持续发展全球伙伴关系。”在这方面我们能做些什么？我认为，国际图联可以发挥作用。国际图联代表着“全球图书馆和信息专业人员的声音”，它是一个开放的组织，欢迎所有图书馆、图书与信息专业人员以及与教育和研究相关机构的加入，包括那些愿意支持国际图联宗旨和使命的个人、学生、较小的协会和其他机构[13]。国际图联拥有非常活跃、多元化的地区和专业委员会，拥有来自世界各地的数百名志愿者，它每年举办的世界图书馆和信息大会，是一个可以提出自己的想法，并且与全球图书馆人学习和交流的重要平台。

以下为访谈的英文原文：

Education for Sustainable Development -Libraries Business

Pun：Can you talk about your understanding about the connotation of sustainable development of libraries？ How do you think the understanding of the concept of sustainable libraries has evolved？ What impact does the external environment， such as technology， have on libraries and sustainable development？

Hauke：Following the Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science （ODLIS）， the term “green libraries” is synonymous with “sustainable library”. The sustainable library is defined as “designed to minimize negative impact on the natural environment and maximize indoor environmental quality by means of careful site selection， use of natural construction materials and biodegradable products， conservation of resources （water， energy， paper）， and responsible waste disposal （recycling， etc.）”. But the terms “green library” or “sustainable library” must not be limited to buildings. Green and sustainable libraries also focus on services， activities， events， literature and projects related to any kind of sustainability that follows the United Nations Agenda 2030， demonstrating the social role and responsibility of libraries as leaders in Education for Sustainable Development （ESD）.

This broader view led to the other definition of “What is a Green Library？”， inspired by the United Nations Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals.The definition was published by ENSULIB as one of its first outcomes when established as an IFLA Section in 2022. It is meanwhile adopted by many countries worldwide and translated into 32 languages：

“A green and sustainable library is a library which takes into account environmental， economic and social sustainability. Green and sustainable libraries may be of any size， but they should have a clear sustainability agenda which includes：

● Green buildings and equipment： The emissions， or carbon footprint， of the building and equipment are actively decreased.

● Green office principles： Operational routines and processes are environmentally sustainable.

● Sustainable economy： Consumption is restrained， circular and sharing economy practices are advanced and are made accessible to the community.

● Sustainable library services： Relevant and up-to-date information is easy to access for users， shared spaces， devices， and environmental education is offered， and operations are efficient. The library has a positive carbon handprint.

● Social sustainability： Good education， literacy， community engagement， cross cultural diversity， social inclusion， and overall participation are considered. The library works actively to reduce inequality.

● Environmental management： Environmental goals are SMART （Specific， Measurable， Achievable， Realistic and Timebound）， and the library works to decrease its own negative impact on environment. The librarys environmental policy， its implementation and the results of environmental work are communicated to a broader audience.

● Commitment to general environmental goals and programmes： Commitment is guided by the UN Sustainable Development Goals， the Paris Climate Agreement and related environmental certificates and programmes.”

Libraries have always been quick to take advantage of technical developments. The provision of digital media， or even a “digital first” strategy can be seen as profoundly democratic. It enables libraries to reach users who do not have physical access to a library via the Internet – and thus achieve the reduction of social or gender inequalities in line with the 2030 Agenda – to name but a few.

Pun：You are one of the founders of the ENSULIB professional committee. The IFLA Green Library Award is an important project of the Committee. Can you talk about this award from your perspective？

Hauke：The IFLA Green Library Award was established in 2015 by ENSULIB， IFLAs Environment， Sustainability and Libraries Special Interest Group （SIG）. Beside other projects it might have been this successful one that led finally to the more established status of an IFLA Section from 2021 on. From the very beginning the award was generously sponsored by the German publishing house de Gruyter Saur.

Objectives of the IFLA Green Library Award are：

● To reward the best Green Library submission that communicates the librarys commitment to environmental sustainability，

● To create awareness of libraries social responsibility and leadership in environmental education. Libraries of all types are encouraged to participate，

● To support the worldwide Green Library movement， concerned with

● environmentally sustainable buildings，

● environmentally sustainable information resources and programming，

● conservation of resources and energy，

● To promote the development of Green Libraries initiatives locally and worldwide，

● To encourage Green Libraries to actively present their activities to an international audience

Following the IFLA Key Initiative 1.1， Show the power of libraries in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals， the award will help in advancing the profession through illuminating the role of libraries and librarians in the advancement of sustainability standards and the promotion of specialized knowledge within professional practice.

The prize is awarded in two categories：

● Category 1： Best Green Library / Grand Scale Project

● Category 2： Best Green Library Project

● A special recognition may be given to a project that was carried out with minimal resources but has a big impact.

The IFLA Green Library Award was advertised annually from 2016 on. Every year ENSULIB received up to 50 applications coming from all around the world. The winners are selected by the ENSULIB reviewing committee of LIS professionals from public libraries and from academic libraries， of LIS students， and an architect from different countries and continents. Beside the winners with the best submissions the ENSULIB reviewing committee chooses up to five short listed libraries for their outstanding projects.

The IFLA Green Library Award gives libraries the opportunity to present their sustainable projects in the spirit of Agenda 2030 to a worldwide public. On the one hand， they inspire other libraries to follow their example， on the other hand， they make clear the important contribution of libraries to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Past award winners and runner-ups， also from China， are published on the IFLA Green Library Award website.

Pun：How do you see the role of libraries as educators for sustainable development？ What can libraries do in this regard？ Can you talk about this issue in combination with the practice of German libraries？

Hauke：In educational policy papers on education for sustainable development， libraries are not explicitly seen in their already active role here. However， many examples show that they have already been active in education for sustainable development for a long time. They can reach many people as community-based educational institutions that are accessible to all.

Libraries that position themselves as “Green Libraries” in particular have the declared aspiration not only to minimise their own negative ecological “footprint”， but also to act as “exemplars， educators， enablers” with their commitment to society. Ultimately， they use Education for Sustainable Development as the guideline for their library work.

The UNESCOs Education for Sustainable Development 2030 programme goes beyond the provision of relevant media or the inclusion of library activities in the 17 SDGs or information events. The ultimate goal is to teach responsible action skills， “… empowering [people] with the knowledge， skills， values and attitudes needed to act as agents of change.” With their already existing multifaceted commitment to sustainable development， libraries are already well positioned for this further step. If libraries see their “core business” in the provision of education， then that goes beyond the “promotion of reading”. Since “education” can be achieved in many ways， Green Libraries in particular see their task in reaching not only book-loving people but also non-book-loving target groups with appropriate educational programmes for sustainable development. In addition to relevant information events， “learning by doing” is achieved here， for example， through Makerspaces， urban gardening projects， the support of food-saver campaigns， the offer of a repair café， a seed library， a “library of things”， and finally through cooperation with civil society initiatives， such as SDG 17， “Partnerships for the Achievement of the Goals”， even as a prerequisite for the achievement of the Goals.

To speak about the practice of German libraries： The German Library Association （Deutscher Bibliotheksverband， dbv） stated clearly， that libraries， as institutions of information， knowledge and sustainable action， make an important contribution to all 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Seven 90-min online seminars “Libraries and Sustainability” should demonstrate， what exactly does the commitment of libraries look like， how can they concretely implement the topic of sustainability in their own library as well as communicate it to the citizens， and what role should cultural policy play when it comes to sustainability in libraries.

In January 2023， the Federal Ministry of Education and Research （Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung， BMBF） launched a new campaign to make education for sustainable development and its stakeholders even more visible. One of the prominently presented stakeholders are the public libraries in Leipzig， Saxonia （Leipziger St?dtische Bibliothken）. Their library director stated clearly， that libraries are perfect places for education for sustainable development. The library followed successfully a concept that ESD should not be seen as an “additional project” alongside the other tasks， but should be integrated as an attitude and aspiration in all areas and activities. From her point of view networking is the most important issue in this context. Therefor the library wants to be a platform for others to network. For example， the library can provide rooms for innovative and creative offers. There， citizens， associations and initiatives can design their own formats， try out， share ideas or even find partners for their own projects.

Pun：What do you think is the biggest challenge that libraries face in terms of sustainable development？ How should we respond？ Is it necessary to promote international cooperation for sustainable development？ What can we do in this regard？

Hauke：All libraries are currently undergoing fundamental change processes and sustainability is a central part of these changes. Fundamental to the pressure for change currently weighing on libraries is the digital knowledge and information society. More and more people no longer meet their increasing need for information with the help of books， but search and find them on the Internet. The challenge is that there are many alternatives for getting news and any kind of information. There is also a populace who is often not discerning when it comes to reading the news and who easily falls prey to disinformation campaigns. In times， when in certain countries even governments spread fake news not only within their own countries but worldwide to systematically destroy trust and initiate and fuel conflicts it is one of the biggest challenges for libraries to fight actively and visible against misinformation and to position themselves as sustainable， trusted institutions in their communities.

But there is even more： To achieve sustainability it is necessary to explode the whole concept of what a library is. Public libraries in particular are feeling this change very strongly. For example， lending of books （except e-books） is declining slowly but steadily. At the same time， however， they are increasingly visited and used differently. They are changing from their image as a place of silence and passivity to living places of civil society and community. They focus on quality of stay and offer themselves to people as trusted ‘third places or as ‘living rooms of urban society.

On the other hand adapting library buildings， as well as digital infrastructures， not only through one-off investments to the requirements of climate change， but also to the rapid and permanent technological progress， will be a major challenge. Long-term planning is therefore hardly possible. At the same time， all traditional library routines should be reviewed for their sustainability and， if necessary， adapted to a comprehensive sustainability strategy. A comprehensive sustainability strategy will and must lead to profound transformation processes involving library operations， staff and users.

And definitely “YES” – It is without doubt necessary to promote international cooperation for sustainable development. Therefor SDG 17 as the last and most important SDG says clearly： “Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development”. What can we do in this regard？ IFLA， the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions， the “The global voice of the library and information profession”， is open for all associations of libraries， library and information professionals， and associations in related professions including education and research， also affiliates like individuals， students， smaller associations， and other institutional bodies who wish to join IFLA to mark their support of IFLAs aims and mission. IFLA， with its very active diverse regional and professional committees with hundreds of volunteers from all over the world and with the annual World Library and Information Congress is the appropriate body to engage with own ideas but also to learn from and exchange with the worldwide library community.